Compared with space-vector pulsewidth modulation (SV-PWM) schemes, carrier-based PWM (CB-PWM) schemes feature less digital calculation burden. Unfortunately, since different CB-PWM schemes were not represented by a unified expression and the relationship between the injected zero-sequence components (ZSCs) and the switching-state sequences is not revealed, the CB-PWM has poor flexibility in designing the switching-state sequences. In this article, a unified carrier-based PWM (UCB-PWM) is proposed to unify the expressions of different CB-PWM schemes. The ZSC of the proposed UCB-PWM is classified into a basic ZSC (B-ZSC) and a redundant ZSC (R-ZSC). The B-ZSC is a shared component of all CB-PWM schemes, and the dwelling time of redundant small vectors can be distributed by injecting different R-ZSCs. Also, the neutral-point voltage balance control based on either continuous PWM or discontinuous PWM (DPWM) can be achieved by injecting R-ZSCs. Besides, not only the existing carrier-based DPWM schemes but also new carrier-based DPWM schemes are derived by the proposed UCB-PWM. Finally, experimental results verify the correctness and advantages of the proposed UCB-PWM. 

A Unified Carrier-Based Pulsewidth Modulation for Three-Phase Vienna-Type Rectifiers

Interleaved LLC resonant converters are widely used in various fields. However, interleaved LLC converters under Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) will lose the regulation of individual phases, causing a load sharing problem. Existing load sharing solutions have limitations; for example, phase shedding and current sharing cannot be realized at the same time. This paper proposed a novel current sharing method for interleaved full-bridge LLC resonant converters. Based on Zero-Vector-Injection, the voltage applied to the resonant tank is controlled to compensate for the difference in gain caused by component tolerance. The modulation strategy is proposed to maintain soft switching after Zero-Vector-Injection, and the phase shedding technique is also used to improve the efficiency at a light load. The detailed theoretical analysis and implementation method are proposed and validated using simulations. Experiments are also carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy based on a 2-phase 1.8 kW prototype.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/2/347/pdf

Zero-Vector-Injection Based Current Sharing Control of Interleaved Full-Bridge LLC Resonant Converters

As the counterparts of alternators, the auxiliary power modules (APMs) in electric vehicles (EVs) play an irreplaceable role in bridging the high-voltage (HV) propulsion system with the low-voltage (LV) auxiliary system. With the increasing demands of fast charging, the HV propulsion system is seeing an evolution from the 400 to the 800 V system. Adapting to such trends, the APM faces the challenge of a much wider input voltage range, particularly in EVs with a reconfigurable battery pack. This article proposed a reconfigurable current-fed dual active bridge (CFDAB) based converter. It accepts a record-wide input voltage from 180 to 900 V and an output voltage from 6 to 16 V. The closed-form solutions of switching current are with consideration of coupled inductor current, the key characteristics of CFDAB, and simple control to secure zero-voltage switching and minimize the switching current. Design implementation is also discussed in this article. A 3-kW prototype with a peak efficiency of 97% was built and tested. The experimental results proved the feasibility of using the proposed topology and control for the ultrawide APM applications.

Model and Control of a Current-fed Dual Active Bridge Based Ultra-Wide-Voltage-Range Auxiliary Power Module for 400 V/800 V Electric Vehicles

Simple symmetric switched inductor high step-down converter

A buck-type light-emitting diode (LED) driver is proposed herein. The proposed LED driver automatically possesses current sharing and high step-down voltage gain. Without complex control, the proposed LED driver, with a single input and multiple outputs, can achieve automatic current sharing of four-channel LED strings, even under the different number of LEDs of each LED string. Furthermore, as compared with the traditional four-phase interleaved buck converter with a single input and a single output having current sharing required, the proposed circuit has the duty cycle up to 0.5, not 0.25, meaning that under the same input voltage the latter has a wider output voltage range than that of the former. Above all, if the proposed circuit with N outputs, then it still has the duty cycle up to 0.5, not one over N as shown traditionally. Moreover, as compared with the current sharing based on the differential-mode transformer, the proposed circuit has no magnetic resetting loop required. In this paper, the operating principles and design considerations of the proposed converter are discussed. Finally, the theoretical analyses and performances of the proposed LED driver are verified by simulation and experiment.

Development of Four-Channel Buck-Type LED Driver with Automatic Current Sharing

The interleaving technique is required for LLC resonant converters to achieve high power level and handle higher input/output current. However, conventional pulse-frequency modulated (PFM) LLC converters face challenges of load current sharing due to component tolerances of resonant tanks. In this paper, a hybrid rectifier is employed in interleaved LLC converters to compensate the voltage gain of each module and achieve current sharing. By adopting an active switch in the conventional diode rectifier, the hybrid rectifier provides additional voltage-regulation ability, and thus good current-sharing performance can be achieved by regulating the duty ratio of the active switch slightly in the hybrid rectifier. Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) for all MOSFETs is achieved. The operational principle and characteristics of the presented converter are analyzed in detail. Experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility and demonstrate advantages of the current-sharing method.

Current Sharing Control of Interleaved LLC Resonant Converter with Hybrid Rectifier

Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is an economical compensation device used to support grid voltage A DC-DC converter is usually inserted to interface the energy storage with wide voltage range However, the active power flows through two power conversion stages, which significantly reduces the efficiency To address this issue, a three-port DVR (TPDVR) with dual DC ports is presented in this paper As for the TPDVR, partial active power can be transferred within only one power conversion stage, thus increasing the efficiency Compared with pre-sag control and in-phase control, minimum-energy control is always preferred for a DVR because it reduces the amount of active power needed from the DC-link Nevertheless, once the sag is deep, the compensated voltage amplitude may be higher which claims higher DC-link voltage and the DC-DC converter cannot be avoided Based on TPDVR, a detailed comparative research of different control strategies has been done And the research shows that in-phase control is more suitable for TPDVR since it can restore grid voltage without using DC-DC converter over a wider range of sags The characteristics of different controls for TPDVR are investigated and verified by experimental results

Comparative Research on Compensation Controls for a Novel Three-Port Dynamic Voltage Restorer

A soft-switching isolated buck-boost converter with semi-active rectifier is analyzed and evaluated for wide output range applications. The buck-boost converter can operate either in step-up or step-down mode. With a kind of optimized phase-shift modulation, soft-switching of all the active switches and diodes on both the primary and secondary-sides can be achieved within wide voltage and load range. Meanwhile, leakage inductance of transformer is utilized for power transfer to avoid voltage spike problem. The voltage stress of primary-side MOSFETs and secondary-side diodes are clamped to the input and output voltage, while half output voltage is achieved for secondary-side MOSFETs. All these features make the buck-boost converter suitable for wide output voltage range applications. The operation principle is analyzed in detail and experimental results based on a 1000W prototype are provided to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the buck-boost converter.

A Soft-Switching Isolated Buck-Boost Converter with Semi-Active Rectifier for Wide Output Range Application

A multi-resolution control algorithm is adopted to minimize the negative effect caused by digital control delay to lower the total harmonic distortion (THD) of high frequency PWM rectifiers for aviation applications. The influence of digital control delay is analyzed first. The algorithm makes the best use of the limited digital signal processor (DSP) resources to increase the control frequency of the tasks that mainly affect the rectifier’s performance by executing the left tasks at a relatively low frequency. A 5kW prototype with full SiC devices is built to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed algorithm and good experimental results have been obtained.

A THD Optimization Control for High frequency Full-SiC PWM Rectifier based on Multi-resolution Algorithm

Effect of Needled Structures on In-Plane Tensile Behaviors of 2.5d-Cf/Mg Composites Fabricated by the Liquid-Solid Extrusion Infiltration Process

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