Salt stress is a severe type of environmental stress. It adversely affects agricultural production worldwide. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most frequent phenomenon during salt stress. ROS are extremely reactive and, in high amounts, noxious, leading to destructive processes and causing cellular damage. However, at lower concentrations, ROS function as secondary messengers, playing a critical role as signaling molecules, ensuring regulation of growth and adjustment to multifactorial stresses. Plants contain several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that can detoxify ROS. The production of ROS and their scavenging are important aspects of the plant’s normal response to adverse conditions. Recently, this field has attracted immense attention from plant scientists; however, ROS-induced signaling pathways during salt stress remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of different antioxidants in salt stress tolerance. We also summarize the recent advances on the detrimental effects of ROS, on the antioxidant machinery scavenging ROS under salt stress, and on the crosstalk between ROS and other various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium, and phytohormones. Moreover, the utilization of “-omic” approaches to improve the ROS-regulating antioxidant system during the adaptation process to salt stress is also described.

/pdf/regulation-of-reactive-oxygen-species-during-salt-stress-in-7iweimlv.pdf

Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species during Salt Stress in Plants and Their Crosstalk with Other Signaling Molecules—Current Perspectives and Future Directions

Upland cotton is an important global cash crop for its long seed fibers and high edible oil and protein content. Progress in cotton genomics promotes the advancement of cotton genetics, evolutionary studies, functional genetics, and breeding, and has ushered cotton research and breeding into a new era. Here, we summarize high-impact genomics studies for cotton from the last ten years. The diploid Gossypium arboreum and allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum are the main focus of most genetic and genomic studies. We next review recent progress in cotton molecular biology and genetics, which builds on cotton genome sequencing efforts, population studies, and functional genomics, to provide insights into the mechanisms shaping abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, plant architecture, seed oil content, and fiber development. We also suggest the application of novel technologies and strategies to facilitate genome-based crop breeding. Explosive growth in the amount of novel genomic data, identified genes, gene modules, and pathways is now enabling researchers to utilize multidisciplinary genomics-enabled breeding strategies to cultivate "super cotton", improving multiple traits synergistically. These strategies must rise to meet urgent demands for a sustainable cotton industry. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Recent progression and future perspectives in Cotton genomic breeding.

Advances in the study of the function and mechanism of the action of flavonoids in plants under environmental stresses

Plants are exposed to a variety of abiotic stresses; these stresses have profound effects on plant growth, survival, and productivity. Tolerance and adaptation to stress require sophisticated stress sensing, signaling, and various regulatory mechanisms. The plant hormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development, playing pivotal roles in the integration of abiotic stress signals and control of downstream stress responses. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent advances in understanding the intersection of auxin and abiotic stress in plants, with a focus on temperature, salt, and drought stresses. We also explore the roles of auxin in stress tolerance and opportunities arising for agricultural applications. 

Auxin and Abiotic Stress Responses.

The plant hormone auxin acts as a signaling molecule to regulate numerous developmental processes throughout all stages of plant growth. Understanding how auxin regulates various physiological and developmental processes has been a hot topic and an intriguing field. Recent studies have unveiled more molecular details into how diverse auxin responses function in every aspect of plant growth and development. In this review, we systematically summarized and classified the molecular mechanisms of diverse auxin responses, and comprehensively elaborated the characteristics and multilevel regulation mechanisms of the canonical transcriptional auxin response. On this basis, we described the characteristics and differences between different auxin responses. We also presented some auxin response genes that have been genetically modified in plant species and how their changes impact various traits of interest. Finally, we summarized some important aspects and unsolved questions of auxin responses that need to be focused on or addressed in future research. This review will help to gain an overall understanding of and some insights into the diverse molecular mechanisms of auxin responses in plant growth and development that are instrumental in harnessing genetic resources in molecular breeding of extant plant species.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12495/pdf?version=1666487509

Molecular Mechanisms of Diverse Auxin Responses during Plant Growth and Development

Auxin/indoleacetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins play an important regulatory role in developmental process and the responses to stresses of plants. The previous study has shown that constitutive expression of rice Aux/IAA transcription factor gene OsIAA18 improved salt and osmotic tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. However, little work is known about the regulatory functions of the OsIAA18 gene in regulating abiotic stress tolerance of rice. In this study, the OsIAA18 gene was introduced into rice cultivar Zhonghua 11 and the OsIAA18 overexpression rice plants exhibited significantly enhanced salt and drought tolerance compared with the wild-type (WT). Moreover, overexpression of OsIAA18 in rice increased endogenous ABA levels and the OsIAA18 overexpression rice plants showed hypersensitive to exogenous ABA treatment at both germination and post-germination stages compared to WT. Overexpression of OsIAA18 up-regulated the genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways, proline biosynthesis pathway and ROS-scavenging system in the OsIAA18 overexpression rice plants under salt and drought stresses. Proline content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were significantly increased, whereas malonaldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2-) content were significantly decreased in the transgenic plants under salt and drought stresses. Taken together, we suggest that OsIAA18 plays a positive role in drought and salt tolerance by regulating stress-induced ABA signaling. The OsIAA18 gene has potential application in genetically modified crops with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses.

OsIAA18, an Aux/IAA Transcription Factor Gene, Is Involved in Salt and Drought Tolerance in Rice

OsMas1, a novel maspardin protein gene, confers the tolerance to salt and drought stresses by regulating ABA signaling in rice

The cotton GhMYB4 gene enhances salt and drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis


 The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.

/pdf/a-novel-maspardin-protein-gene-osmas-is-involved-in-salt-and-a8e2fkhlel.pdf

A novel maspardin protein gene OsMas is involved in salt and drought tolerance in rice

Effects of Biofertilizer on Yield and Quality of Crops and Properties of Soil Under Field Conditions in China: A Meta-Analysis

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