The rise in solar ultraviolet radiation on the earth's surface has led to a depletion of stratospheric ozone over recent decades, thus accelerating the need to protect human skin against the harmful effects of UV radiation such as erythema, edema, hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and skin cancer. There are many different ways to protect skin against UV radiation's harmful effects. The most popular way to reduce the amount of UV radiation penetrating the skin is topical application of sunscreen products that contain UV absorbing or reflecting active molecules. Based on their protection mechanism, the active molecules in sunscreens are broadly divided into inorganic and organic agents. Inorganic sunscreens reflect and scatter UV and visible radiation, while organic sunscreens absorb UV radiation and then re-emit energy as heat or light. These synthetic molecules have limited concentration according to regulation concern. Several natural compounds with UV absorption property have been used to substitute for or to reduce the quantity of synthetic sunscreen agents. In addition to UV absorption property, most natural compounds were found to act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory agents, which provide further protection against the damaging effects of UV radiation exposure. Compounds derived from natural sources have gained considerable attention for use in sunscreen products and have bolstered the market trend toward natural cosmetics. This adds to the importance of there being a wide selection of active molecules in sunscreen formulations. This paper summarizes a number of natural products derived from propolis, plants, algae, and lichens that have shown potential photoprotection properties against UV radiation exposure-induced skin damage.

Natural products as photoprotection

Sunscreens were originally designed to include mainly UVB-filters. Because of the deeper penetration of UVA light, causing photoaging and DNA damage, there has been a shift towards broad spectrum sunscreens. These broad spectrum sunscreens now include both UVA- and UVB-filters and other ingredients which possess antioxidant activity. Although sunscreens are regulated in most countries, photostability testing is not mandatory. Because of the ability of sunscreen ingredients to absorb UV-light and the complexity of most of these formulations, which may include more than one UV-filter, antioxidants and other formulation excipients, it is important that their photostability in combination is determined.

Photostability of sunscreens

Article history: Received on: 28/07/2013 Revised on: 07/08/2013 Accepted on: 25/08/2013 Available online: 30/09/2013 Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause a number of skin disorders such as erythema, edema, hyperpigmentation, immunosuppression, photoaging, and skin cancer. Since the level of UV radiation is increasing as a result of depletion of the stratospheric ozone and climate change, the protection of human skin against the harmful effects of UV radiation is an urgent need. Topical application of sunscreens is a strategy to protect the deleterious effect of UV radiation on the skin. Sunscreens today contain one or several synthetic UV filter molecules which protect the UV radiation exposed on the epidermis. These molecules are broadly divided into physical and chemical agents. Physical sunscreens reflect and scatter UVB, UVA and visible radiation. Chemical sunscreens act by absorbing ultraviolet radiation and re-emitting chemical energy as heat or light. Several synthetic UV filter molecules are available in the market but they have limited use because these active molecules may create adverse effects on human skin. Some information on possible photon induced reaction such as photoirritation, photosensitization and contact dermatitis by sunscreen products containing synthetic organic sunscreen agents. To overcome these side effects, naturally occurring compounds have gained considerable attention as photoprotective agents. Flavonoids, a group of natural occurring compounds, act as catalysts in the light phase of photosynthesis and as stress protectants in plant cells by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Natural flavonoids have the potential photoprotection because of their UV absorbing, their ability to act as direct and indirect antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents which provide exciting platforms for the development of photoprotection. This review summarizes the structure and potential photoprotection activity of several natural flavonoids.

/pdf/photoprotection-of-natural-flavonoids-48fdem145w.pdf

Photoprotection of natural flavonoids

Kaolinite in pharmaceutics and biomedicine.

Broad spectrum bioactive sunscreens

Pregabalin and Methylcobalamine are both capable reliving the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy but their effectiveness when used in a fixed dose combination still remains a subject of evaluation, especially in the orthopaedic setting. This post marketing surveillance study evaluates efficacy and tolerability of a fixed dose combination of Methylcobalamin 750 μg and Pregabalin 75 mg in the management of the same. The fixed dose combination of was prescribed for 4 weeks to the selected patients at 300 orthopaedic clinics all over India involving 1327 patients. Pain was assessed on a 10 point Numerical Pain Intensity Scale while physicians and patients overall assessment of efficacy and tolerability was done on a four-point scale. Results demonstrated a reduction in the pain which was evidenced by a visual analogue score of 38.87 and 73.99% at second and fourth week respectively. Eighty seven per-cent doctors and 88.11% patients expressed response to therapy as good to excellent. Tolerability was expressed as good to excellent by 81.48% of patients. Adverse events were of mild severity. Thus the fixed dose combination was efficacious and well tolerated in neuropathic pain with minimal adverse effects.

Efficacy and Tolerability of a Fixed Dose Combination of Methylcobalamin and Pregabalin in the Management of Painful Neuropathy

Misoprostol: an old drug, new indications.

http://www.djmed.org//files/publish/10.18831djmed.org2016011001.pdf

Overview of Medicine- Its Importance and Impact

Background: Dhat syndrome is often taken as culture bound syndrome (CBS) of Indian subcontinent. There are many misconceptions which form base of symptoms and co morbidities. Aim: Dhat syndrome is reported on basis of self diagnosis. The study aims to study associated symptoms, sexual behavior and co morbidities in Indian population. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional and case-control study was carried with help of trained local interviewers at Department of Psychiatry and Medicine, Gandhi Medical College (GMC), Associated Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, India. Cases were compared to healthy matched controls. The study was conducted using clinical interview, physical examination and other necessary investigations like urine analysis and microscopy. Results: Of the 50 cases and control, each, age group was 21 to 25 years (48%) and education upto12th class (60%). 20% cases reported history of Masturbation. Extramarital or premarital sexual contact was found to have little significance on the syndrome. 76% of the patients met DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for Anxiety and 56% patients met for Depression. 23 patients (46.3%) were having a co-morbid somatic complains like body ache, weakness and fatigue. Erectile dysfunction by 34% & premature ejaculation by 8% was reported. In Urine routine analysis and microscope no oxalates or phosphates were noted. Conclusions: Dhat syndrome is more common among low educated young population. Laboratory evidence of any pathological cause was not found. Contrary to popular belief, it had no direct correlation with masturbation and pre and extra marital sexual contact.

Dhat syndrome and its association with sexual behavior and pyschiatric comorbidities in males: a case control study -

Introduction: Ataxia is one the common adverse drug effect caused by Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs). It can result from either single therapeutic dose of a particular drug, prolonged use of same drug or acute poisoning. Aim: To determine the disease burden and clinical profile of patients who are on AEDs and develop ataxia. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal observational study, carried out at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, from January 2016 to March 2022. The clinical characteristics of patients who presented with ataxia on AEDs and with no previous history of ataxia were documented. Based on the time of onset of ataxia patients were divided into 3 groups: Group A- Ataxia developed within 24 hours of onset of drug intake; Group B- Ataxia developed within 24 to 72 hours from prescription of drug; Group C- Ataxia developed after 72 hours from the time of drug administration. Patients were further classified into those having sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia. Based on the time of clinical resolution patients were classified into 3 sub-groups: Group 1- Clinical resolution within 72 hours; Group 2- Clinical resolution in 72 to 144 hours; and Group 3- Clinical resolution after 144 hours. Data was collected systematically and results were statistically analysed using Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software program. Results: Out of the total number of epileptic patients (1600) on AEDs, 34 patients developed ataxia. Of these 34 patients, 15 (44.11%) were on Phenytoin, 12 (35.29%) were on Carbamazepine, 3 (8.82%) were on Gabapentin, 2 (5.88%) were on Zonisamide, and 2 (5.88%) were on Lamotrigine. Dose of these drugs were modified within 1 day, after 1 and 3 weeks and after 1 month in 9 (26.47%), 7 (20.58%), 12 (35.29%), and 4 (11.76%) patients, respectively. Two patients had presented with acute poisoning. Half the 50% (n=17) patients had symptoms of sensory ataxia and remaining half had symptoms of cerebellar ataxia. Conclusion: Ataxia secondary to AEDs is seen with both the older and newer drugs. Awareness of the possibility of AEDs induced ataxia can help in early diagnosis and its management.

Clinical Profile of Patients on Antiepileptic Drugs Experiencing Ataxia as an Adverse Drug Reaction: A Longitudinal Observational Study

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