Differently substituted flavanones were isolated from Leguminosae and their antibacterial activity was comparatively studied against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of phytochemical flavanones to clinical isolates of MRSA were determined by a serial agar dilution method. The structure-activity relationship has indicated that 2',4'- or 2',6'-dihydroxylation of the B ring and 5,7-dihydroxylation of the A ring in the flavanone structure are important for significant anti-MRSA activity and that substitution with a certain aliphatic group at the 6- or 8-position also enhances the activity. Among the thirteen flavanones tested, tetrahydroxyflavanones with these structural characteristics isolated from Sophora exigua and Echinosophora koreensis showed intensive activity to inhibit the growth of all MRSA strains at 3.13-6.25 micrograms/ml. The present hydroxyflavanones would be useful in the phytotherapeutic strategy against MRSA infections.

Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Activity of Phytochemical Flavanones against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Phalaenopsis spp. is the most commercially and economically important orchid, but their plant parts are often left unused, which has caused environmental problems. To date, reports on phytochemical analyses were most available on endangered and medicinal orchids. The present study was conducted to determine the total phenolics, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts prepared from leaves and roots of six commercial hybrid Phalaenopsis spp. Leaf extracts of “Chian Xen Queen” contained the highest total phenolics with a value of 11.52 ± 0.43 mg gallic acid equivalent per g dry weight and the highest total flavonoids (4.98 ± 0.27 mg rutin equivalent per g dry weight). The antioxidant activity of root extracts evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and β-carotene bleaching method was higher than those of the leaf extracts. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified, namely, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, vanillin, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, benzoic acid, and ellagic acid. Ferulic, p-coumaric and sinapic acids were concentrated largely in the roots. The results suggested that the root extracts from hybrid Phalaenopsis spp. could be a potential source of natural antioxidants. This study also helps to reduce the amount of this orchid waste in industrial production, as its roots can be exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/5/3/31/pdf

Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Phalaenopsis Orchid Hybrids

Soybean is one of the important food, feed, and biofuel crops in the world. Soybean genome modification by genetic transformation has been carried out for trait improvement for more than 4 decades. However, compared to other major crops such as rice, soybean is still recalcitrant to genetic transformation, and transgenic soybean production has been hampered by limitations such as low transformation efficiency and genotype specificity, and prolonged and tedious protocols. The primary goal in soybean transformation over the last decade is to achieve high efficiency and genotype flexibility. Soybean transformation has been improved by modifying tissue culture conditions such as selection of explant types, adjustment of culture medium components and choice of selection reagents, as well as better understanding the transformation mechanisms of specific approaches such as Agrobacterium infection. Transgenesis-based breeding of soybean varieties with new traits is now possible by development of improved protocols. In this review, we summarize the developments in soybean genetic transformation to date, especially focusing on the progress made using Agrobacterium-mediated methods and biolistic methods over the past decade. We also discuss current challenges and future directions.

/pdf/progress-in-soybean-genetic-transformation-over-the-last-22xw2zm5.pdf

Progress in Soybean Genetic Transformation Over the Last Decade

Observations on traditional usage of ethnomedicinal plants in humans and animals of Kangra and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh in North-Western Himalaya, India.

Ornamentals come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors to suit a wide range of climates, landscapes, and gardening needs. Compared to demand, a shortage of plant materials and diversity force the search for solutions for their constant acquisition and improvement to increase their commercial value, respectively. In vitro cultures are a suitable solution to meet expectations using callus culture, somatic embryogenesis, protoplast culture, and the organogenesis of protocorm-like bodies; many of these techniques are commercially practiced. Factors such as culture media, explants, carbohydrates, plant growth regulators, and light are associated with the success of in vitro propagation. Techniques, especially embryo rescue and somatic hybridization, are widely used to improve ornamentals. The development of synthetic seed allows season-independent seed production and preservation in the long term. Despite the advantages of propagation and the improvement of ornamentals, many barriers still need to be resolved. In contrast to propagation and crop developmental studies, there is also a high scope for molecular studies, especially epigenetic changes caused by plant tissue culture of ornamentals. In this review, we have accumulated and discussed an overall update on cultivation factors, propagation techniques in ornamental plant tissue culture, in vitro plant improvement techniques, and future perspectives.

/pdf/tissue-culture-in-ornamentals-cultivation-factors-2i8ndj8r.pdf

Tissue Culture in Ornamentals: Cultivation Factors, Propagation Techniques, and Its Application

Rhynchostylis retusa is a monopodial, epiphytic and medicinal orchid. The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activities of different extract (methanol, ethanol, chloroform and hexane) of Rhynchostylis retusa was applied on five different bacteria (gram positive: Staphylococcus aureus & Bacillus subtilis; gram negative: Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli & Klebsiella pneumonia) and three fungus species (Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus niger). The antmicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion method. A preliminary phytochemical screening was performed on the basis of detection of alkaloid, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, coumerins, amino acides and carbohydrates. Under this study methanol, ethanol and chloroform extracts from Rhynchostylis retusa showed different degree of inhibitory that potential against tested bacteria while hexane extract not showed any inhibition zone on studied bacteria. The antibacterial activity against all bacteria with the zone of inhibition ranging from 5‐12 mm were observed and found that highest inhibition zone (10-12 mm) with the concentration of 10.0 mg/ml of chloroform extract. Chloroform extract also showed significant antifungal activity against Penicillium, Rhizopus and Aspergillus niger with the highest zone (12‐15 mm) of inhibition. The ability of the crude extracts of Rhynchostylis retusa to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungus is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential which may be employed in the management of microbial infections.

Assessment of antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts of rhynchostylis retusa blume- a medicinal orchid

An efficient protocol for micropropagation using the axenic pseudobulb derived from in vitro germinated seedlings of Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl was developed. The immature seeds were germinated on MS0 basal medium for seedling development. In vitro grown seedlings responded well and stimulated pseudobulb formation with benzylamino purine (BAP) 1.0 mg/L + α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 0.5 mg/L on MS medium. For multiple shoot induction, the axenic pseudobulb segments excised from 8 month old seedlings were cultured on the medium containing different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators (NAA, BAP and Kinetin). Best response for shoot multiplication and elongation was obtained in medium with 0.75 mg/L NAA and 1.5 mg/L BAP. The individual shoots were transferred to half-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 to 2.0 mg/L of indole-3 acetic acid (IAA), indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to observe root development. Half strength of MS + 1.00 mg/ L IAA has proven the best for root induction. The well rooted plants were hardened successfully in the potting mixture containing coconut husk, charcoal pieces (5-7 mm size), decaying litter and very small brick pieces (5-7 mm size) in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 and eventually plants are established under natural condition. The present investigation can be used for rapid mass propagation of this highly important Cymbidium finlaysonianum orchid species.

In vitro pseudobulb based micropropagation for mass development of Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl.

An efficient protocol for protocorm like bodies (PLBs) was development and its regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis was standardized for Rhynchostylis retusa (L.). Somatic embryos were developed from leaf and roots and cultured in MS medium supplemented with different combinations of phytohormones either individually or in combination. The embryo induction was highest in leaf (75%) and root (50.2%) when a combination of 1.0 mg L−1 BAP + 1.5 mg L−1 kinetin was used. Germination of somatic embryos was highest (60%) in ½MS medium with 1.5 mg L−1 BAP. The effect of different PGRs was observed on multiple shoot induction. Maximum number (10.20 ± 0.58) and highest length (3.8 cm) of multiple shoots was observed in MS medium + 1.5 mg L−1 BAP and 1.0 mg L−1 NAA. Highest number (5.8) and length (4.17 cm) of adventitious roots were seen in ½MS medium + 0.5 mg L−1 IAA and 0.5 mg L−1 IBA. The well rooted plants were successfully hardened to the pots that contained small brick pieces, wood charcoal (1:3) and coconut husk; and eventually transferred to shade house for establishment. Plants showed 60% survival.

Plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis from leaf and root explants of Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume

An efficient protocol has been developed for in vitro seed germination and for growth and development of protocorm likes bodies (PLBs) from three indigenous orchid species namely Acampe premorsa (Roxb.), Agrostophylum khasianum L. and Phalaenopsis cornorerris. We tested three media and among them PM was found to be the best because of the greatest rate of seed germination (98.20%), PLB development and plant formation. PM supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/l) and NAA (0.5 mg/l) gave a 78.60% PLB formation rate. The MS with 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l picloram was the most efficient medium for seedling growth of A. premorsa and A. khasianum. But in the case of P. cornorerris the best seedling growth was observed using medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l NAA. The maximum number and length of roots and plantlets were observed in the ½MS medium with 1.5% (w/v) sucrose where no hormones were added. The well-rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized, planted in pots and transferred to the shade house for establishment. This protocol may be applied for the mass propagation of other orchids for commercial use. We conclude that in vitro seed germination is technique with the highest potential for protocorm formation, multiplication and conservation of indigenous orchids.

Development of an efficient protocol for in vitro germination and enhancing protocorm-like body development in three indigenous orchid species in Bangladesh

A rapid and an efficient protocol for germination of immature seeds of Vanda tessellata , PLBs development and plant regeneration system have been developed. The results indicate that immature capsules performed better in terms of germination (100.0%) and development of PLBs (90.0%). Around 45 - 60 days old PLBs were transferred to half strength of MS supplemented with different concentrations of auxins and cytokinins. The highest weight of PLBs (5.53 g), the best plant regeneration (16.50) and shoot length (3.25 cm) were recorded when the medium was supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/l) and NAA (1.5 mg/l). The highest number (5.0) and length (3.22 cm) of roots, the maximum number of plantlets (3.75) were obtained in the medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA. The maximum numbers of leaves (3.33) were recorded in the medium fortified with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.00 mg/l IAA; the highest length of leaves (2.59 cm) was observed in the medium combining with of BAP and IAA (2.0 mg/l). Well shooted - and rooted plants were acclimated in pots that contained two types of compost. Here, type-II showed better performance on plant development. Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 25(2): 181-191, 2015 (December)

/pdf/rapid-development-of-plbs-derived-from-immature-seeds-and-3c6dozfsjt.pdf

Rapid Development of PLBs Derived from Immature Seeds and Mass Multiplication of Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. Ex G. Don - A Threatened Orchid species in Bangladesh

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