Globally, substantial research into endophytic microbes is being conducted to increase agricultural and environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes such as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi inhabit ubiquitously within the tissues of all plant species without causing any harm or disease. Endophytes form symbiotic relationships with diverse plant species and can regulate numerous host functions, including resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, growth and development, and stimulating immune systems. Moreover, plant endophytes play a dominant role in nutrient cycling, biodegradation, and bioremediation, and are widely used in many industries. Endophytes have a stronger predisposition for enhancing mineral and metal solubility by cells through the secretion of organic acids with low molecular weight and metal-specific ligands (such as siderophores) that alter soil pH and boost binding activity. Finally, endophytes synthesize various bioactive compounds with high competence that are promising candidates for new drugs, antibiotics, and medicines. Bioprospecting of endophytic novel secondary metabolites has given momentum to sustainable agriculture for combating environmental stresses. Biotechnological interventions with the aid of endophytes played a pivotal role in crop improvement to mitigate biotic and abiotic stress conditions like drought, salinity, xenobiotic compounds, and heavy metals. Identification of putative genes from endophytes conferring resistance and tolerance to crop diseases, apart from those involved in the accumulation and degradation of contaminants, could open new avenues in agricultural research and development. Furthermore, a detailed molecular and biochemical understanding of endophyte entry and colonization strategy in the host would better help in manipulating crop productivity under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, the present review highlights current research trends based on the SCOPUS database, potential biotechnological interventions of endophytic microorganisms in combating environmental stresses influencing crop productivity, future opportunities of endophytes in improving plant stress tolerance, and their contribution to sustainable remediation of hazardous environmental contaminants. 

/pdf/current-scenario-and-future-prospects-of-endophytic-microbes-17ffo0o8.pdf

Current Scenario and Future Prospects of Endophytic Microbes: Promising Candidates for Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management for Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability.

Alternaria alternata is a common species of fungus frequently isolated from plants as both an endophyte and a pathogen. Although the current definition of A. alternata rests on a foundation of morphological, genetic and genomic analyses, doubts persist regarding the scope of A. alternata within the genus due to the varied symbiotic interactions and wide host range observed in these fungi. These doubts may be due in large part to the history of unstable taxonomy in Alternaria, based on limited morphological characters for species delimitation and host specificity associated with toxins encoded by genes carried on conditionally dispensable chromosomes. This review explores the history of Alternaria taxonomy, focusing in particular on the use of nutritional mode and host associations in species delimitation, with the goal of evaluating A. alternata as it currently stands based on taxonomic best practice. Given the recombination detected among isolates of A. alternata, different symbiotic associations in this species should not be considered phylogenetically informative.

Alternaria alternata as endophyte and pathogen

Lead (Pb) is considered an important environmental contaminant due to its considerable toxicity to living organisms. It can enter and accumulate in plant tissues and become part of the food chain. In the present study, individual and combined effects of Bacillus sp. MN-54 and phosphorus (P) on maize growth and physiology were evaluated in Pb-contaminated soil. A pristine soil was artificially contaminated with two levels of Pb (i.e., 250 and 500 mg kg−1 dry soil) and was transferred to plastic pots. Bacillus sp. MN-54 treated and untreated maize (DK-6714) seeds were planted in pots. Recommended doses of nutrients (N and K) were applied in each pot while P was applied in selective pots. Results showed that Pb stress hampered the maize growth and physiological attributes in a concentration-dependent manner, and significant reductions in seedling emergence, shoot and root lengths, fresh and dry biomasses, leaf area, chlorophyll content, rate of photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were recorded compared with control. Application of Bacillus sp. MN-54 or P particularly in combination significantly reduced the toxic effects of Pb on maize. At higher Pb level (500 mg kg−1), the combined application effectively reduced Pb uptake up to 42.4% and 50% by shoots, 30.8% and 33.9% by roots, and 18.4% and 26.2% in available Pb content in soil after 45 days and 90 days, respectively compared with that of control. Moreover, the use of Bacillus sp. MN-54 significantly improved the P uptake by maize plants by 44.4% as compared with that of control. Our findings suggest that the combined use of Bacillus sp. MN-54 and P could be effective and helpful in improving plant growth and Pb immobilization in Pb-contaminated soil.

Combined application of Bacillus sp. MN-54 and phosphorus improved growth and reduced lead uptake by maize in the lead-contaminated soil

Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) is a cruciferous vegetable widely cultivated for its leaves and flower buds in Atlantic Europe and the Mediterranean area, being a food of great interest as a "superfood" today. Little has been studied about the diversity of endophytic fungi in the Brassica genus, and there are no studies regarding kale. In this study, we made a survey of the diversity of endophytic fungi present in the roots of six different Galician kale local populations. In addition, we investigated whether the presence of endophytes in the roots was beneficial to the plants in terms of growth, cold tolerance, or resistance to bacteria and insects. The fungal isolates obtained belonged to 33 different taxa. Among those, a Fusarium sp. and Pleosporales sp. A between Setophoma and Edenia (called as Setophoma/Edenia) were present in many plants of all five local populations, being possible components of a core kale microbiome. For the first time, several interactions between endophytic fungus and Brassica plants are described and is proved how different interactions are beneficial for the plant. Fusarium sp. and Pleosporales sp. B close to Pyrenophora (called as Pyrenophora) promoted plant growth and increased cold tolerance. On the other hand, isolates of Trichoderma sp., Pleosporales sp. C close to Phialocephala (called as Phialocephala), Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp., Setophoma/Edenia and Acrocalymma sp. were able to activate plant systemic resistance against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris. We also observed that Fusarium sp., Curvularia sp. and Setophoma/Edenia confered resistance against Mamestra brassicae larvae.

/pdf/brassica-oleracea-var-acephala-kale-improvement-by-1oyyfpiz44.pdf

Brassica oleracea var. acephala (kale) improvement by biological activity of root endophytic fungi.

Rice seedlings were exposed to different types of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs), including reduced graphene oxide (rGO), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and fullerene (C60), at 10–250 mg L−1 under hydroponic conditions for 20 days to investigate the impact of CMN exposure on the composition of the rice endophyte community. Physiological results demonstrated that exposure 10 and 50 mg L−1 MWCNTs and C60 had no overt effect on plant growth; however, at 250 mg L−1 the fresh biomass was reduced by 17.9–23.7% as compared to the control. Conversely, the addition of 50 and 250 mg L−1 rGO increased rice biomass. Exposure to 250 mg L−1 MWCNTs and C60 resulted in approximately 20–40% decrease in the content of three endogenous phytohormones, including indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR), and gibberellic acid3 (GA3). A high-throughput sequencing technique was used to analyze the composition of the fungal endophyte community as affected by CNMs exposure. The results suggest that fungal endophytes in rice were sensitive to CNM exposure even at 10 mg L−1 CNM exposures; the community composition at different levels (phylum, class, and genus) in the 250 mg L−1 MWCNTs and C60 treatments were significantly altered as compared to the control. Taken together, the present work provides new insight on the potential consequences of NM exposure on terrestrial plants. Additionally, it is clear that a systematic evaluation of the risks of CNMs to commensal species such as endophytic fungi is necessary to fully understood the risk these materials posed in the environment.

Carbon-based nanomaterials alter the composition of the fungal endophyte community in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Endophytes benefit host plants by increasing biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The aims of this study were to evaluate endophytic community (EC) of Arabis alpina, a Pb-Zn hyperaccumulator and investigate role of EC in host plants metal tolerance. EC of A. alpina growing at Pb–Zn mining area was evaluated by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Pot experiments were conducted for the role of EC in metal accumulation and tolerance of host. Fungal EC of shoots showed greater similarity to roots than to seeds; and Chao1 and Shannon indices for shoots and roots were significantly higher than for seeds. Inoculation of EC significantly improved host plants growth under multi-metal stress (p   0.05) in the shoots of the treatment. Hyperaccumulator A. alpina growing in metals contaminated soils was colonized by a diverse assemblage of endophytic fungi, and the EC played a key role in increasing host plants metal tolerance.

Endophytic community of Pb-Zn hyperaccumulator Arabis alpina and its role in host plants metal tolerance

The invention discloses a method for extracting endophytic fungi genomes of wild roses The method comprises the following steps: disinfecting the surfaces of wild roses and then performing liquid nitrogen treatment, and extracting endophytic fungi genomes by adopting combination of a CTAB mixed solution and a soil microorganism DNA brutal extracting kit The method is designed aiming at the specificity of wild rose samples, and the adverse influences of quinones substances, phenol substances, polyphenol oxidase contained in wile rose plants, incomplete dilapidated walls, and the like on the extraction efficiency of genomes DNA can be avoided The method can be applied to extraction of endophytic fungi genomes of all the wild roses, and has the characteristics of being wide in application range and high in extraction rate The method can achieve a good extraction effect after being applied to extraction of endophytic fungi genomes in Dali purple flowers of wild roses and the endophytic fungi genomes of seven-sister wild roses, and the extracted genomes DNA can be used for various molecules experiments

Method for extracting endophytic fungi genomes of wild roses

The invention discloses filamentous fungi Epicoccum nigrum FXZ2 which is collected at a China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center. The collection number of the Epicoccum nigrum FXZ2 is CGMCC NO. 13573. The strain is applied to biological remediation of heavy metal lead and cadmium pollution. Experiments prove that the Epicoccum nigrum FXZ2 has high tolerance and adsorptivity for lead and cadmium, the cadmium adsorption capacity of phage of the strain is higher than that of active bacteria, the lead adsorption capacity of the active bacteria is higher than that of the phage, and the strain can remarkably promote plant growth under stress of heavy metal pollution, has good accumulation capacity for cadmium and is suitable for in-situ remediation of large-area heavy metal cadmium polluted soil.

Epicoccum nigrum FXZ2 and application thereof

Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most devastating and wide spread fungal diseases of rose, which seriously decrease its productivity and commercial value. In the present study, the endophytic fungal communities of two wild Rosa varieties (Rosa multiflora Thunb and R. multiflora var. carnea Redoute and Thory) with different PM susceptibilities were studied through Illumina MiSeq sequencer. A total of 14,000,424 raw reads were obtained from 60 samples, and 6,862,953 tags were produced after merging paired-end reads. 4462 distinct OTUs were generated at a 97% similarity level. It was found that only 34.2% of OTUs shared between two plant varieties. All of the OTUs were assigned into four fungal phyla, 17 classes, 43 orders, 86 families, 157 genera, and 208 species. Members of Ascomycota were found to be the most common fungal endophytes (EF) among all plant samples (93.7% relative abundance), followed by Basidiomycota (4.7% relative abundance), while Zygomycota and Glomeromycota were found to be rare and incidental. At each developmental stage of plants, the diversity and community structure of EF between two Rosa varieties showed significant differences. Both PCoA plots and PERMANOVA analyses indicated that developmental stage was the major factor contributing to the difference between the Rosa varieties (R2 = 0.348, p < 0.001). In addition, plant varieties and tissues were also important factors contributing to the difference (R2 = 0.031, p < 0.05; R2 = 0.029, p < 0.05). Moreover, Neofusicoccum, Rhodosporidium, and Podosphaera, etc., were found to be significantly different between two Rosa varieties, and some of the endophytes may play a role in PM resistance. These finding are encouraging to testify the potential use of these fungi in the biocontrol of PM in future studies.

/pdf/fungal-endophytic-communities-of-two-wild-rosa-varieties-16hzerfzin.pdf

Fungal Endophytic Communities of Two Wild Rosa Varieties With Different Powdery Mildew Susceptibilities.

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Endophytic community of Pb-Zn hyperaccumulator Arabis alpina and its role in host plants metal tolerance

Method for extracting endophytic fungi genomes of wild roses

Epicoccum nigrum FXZ2 and application thereof

Fungal Endophytic Communities of Two Wild Rosa Varieties With Different Powdery Mildew Susceptibilities.