Polymer matrix wave-transparent composites: A review

Alkali-activated binders or geopolymers are identified as an ideal substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binders because of their outstanding mechanical characteristics and durability. However, the high-magnitude shrinkage for alkali-activated composites induces uneven deformation across the material and further triggers the formation of harmful cracks, which creates ways for various aggressive substances to permeate the composites, severely reducing the load capacity and threatening the durability of concrete structures. Recently, relevant researchers have reported adding chemical additives is an effective way in alleviating the shrinkage for alkali-activated or geopolymer systems. However, to date, only limited information summarizing and classifying these chemical additives and their shrinkage-reducing mechanisms is available. Therefore, this paper presents a well-documented literature review on the shrinkage characteristics for alkali-activated or geopolymer composites, and systematically summarizes chemical additive types and their shrinkage-reducing mechanisms. The frequently-used chemical additives in alkali-activated or geopolymer systems can be divided into four types: expansive agents (EAs), shrinkage-reducing admixtures (SRAs), superabsorbent polymers (SAPs), and nano-particles (NPs). Then, the influences of these chemical additives on the mechanical behavior and shrinkage for geopolymer or alkali-activated systems were compared and discussed. It was found that the inclusion of SAPs achieved the best shrinkage-mitigating effect, followed by SRAs, EAs, and NPs, respectively. There were about 30%, 45%, and 55% declines in the shrinkage of alkali-activated or geopolymer systems when 3% NPs, EAs, and SRAs were added. Whereas, a reduction of about 70% can be observed by incorporating only 0.3% SAPs. Additionally, it is concluded that the shrinkage reduction mechanisms achieved by the application of these chemical additives are primarily ascribed to densifying the pore structures, reducing the total porosity as well as the proportion of mesopores, coarsening the pore structures, and promoting the generation of crystalline phases (i.e., calcium hydroxide, AFt, and AFm). 

A review on shrinkage-reducing methods and mechanisms of alkali-activated/geopolymer systems: Effects of chemical additives

The influence of waste glass aggregate (WGA) with fly ash in certain proportions was studied by different amounts of molarity and WGA proportion on geopolymer concrete (GPC). For this aim, the molarity values of the NaoH concentration consumed in this investigation were determined as 11, 13 and 16. At the end of the examinations, workability, setting time, compression strength (CS) test, splitting tensile (ST) tests and flexural strength (FS) tests are performed. The conclusions demonstrated that the slump values increased as the molarity increased and waste glass (WG) percentages decreased. While concerning CS, ST and FS examinations, as the proportion in the combination was increased, these test results tend to decrease correspondingly. While the proportion of molarity of NaOH proportion was altered from 11 to 13 and 13 to 16, these test results tend to increase. This examination study demonstrates that glass aggregate had also a slight adverse influence on capacity and workability. Moreover, the use of 10% glass aggregate with NaOH molarity of 16 is suggested to gain the optimum sustainable GPC considering both fresh and hardening properties as the combined influence of WGA and NaOH molarity. Furthermore, in this examination, the offered strength models are established and related to those built on several standard codes. More importantly is that an equation is derived to predict the compressive strength of the geopolymer mixture utilized in this study. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was achieved on the example parts attained from GPC examples formed with WGA. 

The use of Crushed Recycled Glass for Alkali Activated Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete and Prediction of Its Capacity

Recent developments in fire retardant glass fibre reinforced epoxy composite and geopolymer as a potential fire-retardant material: A review

The flame retardant and thermal conductivity properties of high thermal conductivity expandable graphite microcapsule filled natural rubber composites

Effect of natural rubber latex on the shrinkage behavior and porosity of geopolymer concrete

The purpose of this study is to provide an alternate concrete material to the remote areas of the world. This research focuses on the influence of rubber latex on the workability and strength of calcined clay-based geopolymer concrete. In this research geopolymer concrete along with an activator, cement is completely replaced by calcined clay, and coarse aggregates are completely replaced with brick aggregates. This will reduce the cement demand as well as carbon dioxide emission due to cement production and save our environment against deforestation due to mining of hills for coarse aggregates. Since geopolymer concrete provides less workability, an organic admixture (i.e., rubber latex) is used for increasing its workability. The amount of rubber latex varies within 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2.0% of calcined clay. The result shows that as percentages of rubber latex increased, the workability also increased significantly. It is also found that the use of a higher percentage of rubber latex not only increases the workability of concrete but also remolded easily as compared to the use of another chemical superplasticizer.

Performance of natural rubber latex on calcined clay-based glass fiber-reinforced geopolymer concrete

Internal curing of high strength concrete by pre-saturated lightweight aggregate has been proved as an effective curing method in reducing the self-desiccation and autogenous shrinkage of concrete. In previous research, internal curing has been done by continuously supplying water to the fresh cementitious mixture using reservoirs via prewetted lightweight aggregates. These lightweight aggregates compensate for the loss of moisture due to self-desiccation or evaporation of water from the concrete surface. But this additional supply of water from lightweight aggregates is not sufficient for high humid areas or tropical reasons, where the evaporation of water is more. In that condition, a continuous water supply is required to fresh concrete by external means. In this study, a new technique has been applied on developing an internal curing approach for high strength concrete immediately to after casting and new materials (natural rubber latex and brick aggregate) have been introduced to accelerate the internal curing process at an early age and sealed the voids of concrete at a later age. In this research, the loss of water during evaporation has been compensated by supplying of water through cotton threads externally. This externally supplied water is absorbed by brick aggregates and stored inside them. That means in previous research limited water was supplied through lightweight aggregate which was not sufficient for construction at high humid areas. But in the present research, the water demand has been fulfilled for internal curing through external supplying; when concrete demands at whatever amount.

An innovative technique for internal curing of concrete with brick aggregate, nanoparticles of Al2O3 and rubber latex

The agro-industrial sector of India contributes both plant materials and animal dung in the form of compost. On the other hand, adecline in sustainability in agricultural production is also appearing as a major threat to our countries in recent days. Hencevermicomposting is one of the best processes for decomposing organic waste in an economically and environmentally friendlyprocess. Nowadays the availability of organic manures is being a big problem. To compensate this major attention has to be paidto the recycling of industrial organic waste. Such reuse of the industrial organic wastes in agriculture may help in sustaining thesoil health apart from abatement of environmental pollution. In the present study, vermicompost is prepared by using organicmanure (cow dung and poultry dung), industrial organic waste (sugar cane bagasse and press mud), and agriculture product(rice straw) with a definite proportion. A total of twelve mixes were prepared using the above materials and cultured by EiseniaFetida for 60 days. For evaluation for the quality of vermicompost obtained from the vermiculture tank, Capsicum Annum iscultivated by the produced vermicompost from the vermiculture tank. It is found that the vermicompost produced from the mixtureof poultry dung, press mud and bagasse (Mix M8) is the better quality of vermicompost than other mixes and reflectedmorphological parameters in the better manner of cultivated plants than other mixes. The present study aims to promote soilhealth and plant growth, using a new type of compost instead of microbial composting of cattle dung or chemical fertilizer.

https://ijaaer.com/ojs/index.php/ijaaer/article/download/239/138

Preparation of vermicompost by using agro-industrial waste

Waste materials utilization as value-added materials and micro, nanoparticles inclusion is gaining huge attention. The sludge generated from the textile industry constitutes a high toxic compound and hazardous in nature. Currently, large quantities of solid sludge remain unattended and undisposed in various effluent plants, waiting to be disposed of at the landfills. In this study, the waste sludge generated from the textile industry was processed and reused as a substitute for cement material. The specimens prepared from the textile waste sludge along with nanoparticles were tested for durability and mechanical properties. The usage of textile sludge decreases the strength properties marginally until a replacement level of 10%. Beyond the addition of 10% textile sludge waste reduces the strength and durability properties significantly. Textile waste sludges were replaced for cement of varying proportions, i.e., 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The addition of alumina nanoparticles has dual effects, enhances the hydration properties and also acts as a filler material. The formation of calcium silicate hydrate gel was improved significantly due to the utilization of nano alumina. The optimum amount of alumina nanoparticles observed from the previous studies was found to be 3% by weight of cement due to high durability and mechanical properties. The combination of 10% textile waste sludge along with 3% nano alumina blended cement concrete leads to enhanced strength and durability characteristics as compared to all other concrete specimens and it was found to better eco-friendly construction material.

Effective utilization of waste textile sludge composite with Al2O3 nanoparticles as a value-added application

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