This chapter examines the role that oxidative stress plays in ruminant medicine. We examine how redox homeostasis in involved in some physiological functions and we discuss the implications of the impairment of oxidative status on ruminant health and production. The study of oxidative stress is a relatively young field of research in ruminant medicine. The understanding of the role of oxidants and antioxidants in physiological and pathological conditions is rapidly increasing. Oxidative stress is an active field of research in ruminant medicine and has been implicated in numerous disease processes including sepsis, mastitis, acidosis, ketosis, enteritis, pneumonia, respiratory, and joint diseases. Compared to human medicine, only a limited number of conditions have been investigated in regard to the effects of oxidative stress in ruminants. Studies in cattle have been sporadic and mainly concerned with mastitis, pneumonia, and retained placenta. More recently, studies have been focused on metabolic diseases that affect dairy cows during the peripartum period. Numerous and rapidly evolving methodologies for evaluating oxidative stress are available to researchers and clinicians, each with their own distinct advantages and disadvantages. Differences in models and methodologies make it difficult to make meaningful comparisons, even for studies that seem quite similar superficially. With this in mind, it is the goal of this chapter to summarise the present knowledge of oxidative stress in ruminant medicine and to examine the basis of and evidence for the role of oxidative stress in ruminant health and production, highlighting the need for continued research on oxidative stress in ruminant medicine. Clarity of understanding of the pathophysiology of oxidative stress in ruminants will allow the design of specific antioxidant therapies. Future research should focus on the establishment of a reference panel of biomarker of oxidative stress to be used in ruminant medicine. The development of an oxidative stress index as an approach in ruminant and veterinary medicine is also discussed.

Oxidative Stress in Ruminants

Purpose The primary objectives of this review were to describe how transportation stress can contribute to the development of oxidative stress and provide a synopsis of the available literature assessing transit-induced oxidative stress in livestock. Nutritional strategies to combat oxidative stress in cattle are also discussed. Sources Sources of information for this review included peer-reviewed literature, unpublished data from research conducted by the authors, as well as government and industry reports. Synthesis Transportation is an unavoidable component of beef production and involves both physical and psychological stressors that predispose cattle to disease and negatively affect growth performance and carcass characteristics. These stressors can also result in oxidative stress, which further depresses animal health, feed conversion efficiency, and meat quality. Conclusions and Applications Although transit has been shown to alter biomarkers of oxidative stress in various livestock species, substantial variation exists regarding study conditions (species, transit duration, distance) and biomarker assessment (tissue, time of sampling, analytical methods). Future research should focus on determining appropriate oxidative stress biomarkers and establishment of a reference panel for livestock species. Furthermore, a more complete characterization of the oxidative stress response in cattle post-transit will help identify targets for the development of nutritional supplementation strategies (e.g., vitamins, minerals, yeast products) to mitigate the negative effects of transit-induced oxidative stress on cattle health and performance.

Invited Review: Linking road transportation with oxidative stress in cattle and other species

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Influence of road transportation during hot summer conditions on oxidative status biomarkers in Iranian dromedary camels

Transportation causes stress in livestock that may alter numerous physiological variables with a negative impact on production and health. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of road transport on oxidative stress biomarkers in camels. Ten Iranian dromedary camels were selected and subjected to a journey of approximately 300 km in a truck by road in August 2008. Blood samples were collected immediately before loading at 8:30 A.M., after 1 h transportation, at 9:30 A.M., and at the end of the journey after unloading at 1:30 PM. Final blood sample was taken 24 h after arrival. Plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde and ii-tocopherol, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and whole blood glutathione peroxidase activities were measured using validated methods.The mean concentration of MDA (1.87 ± 0.26 nmol/mL) and glutathione peroxidase activity (297.86 ± 25.68 U/g Hb) in basal pre-transport conditions show significant increase 24 h after arrival. The mean concentration of ii-tocopherol (5.22 ± 0.74 μmol/L) and superoxide dismutase activity (1742.5 ± 74.36 U/g Hb) in basal pre-transport conditions had no significant change during and after transportation.Results suggest that transport stress causes an oxidative challenge in dromedary camels and represent novel biomarkers for stress-associated disease susceptibility and welfare assessment. However, further research efforts should be directed towards understanding the role of particular antioxidants and oxidants on the stressful conditions.

	 

	Key words: Dromedary camel, road transportation, oxidative status, malondialdehyde, ii-tocopherol, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase.

Influence of road transportation during hot summer conditions on oxidative status biomarkers in Iranian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

The influence of different doses of α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid on selected oxidative stress parameters in in vitro culture of leukocytes isolated from transported calves.

The influence of transport stress on oxidative stress parameters in bovine leukocytes.

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The influence of transport stress on oxidative stress parameters in bovine leukocytes.