Compared with conventional camera, the light field camera takes the advantage of being capable of recording the direction and intensity information of each ray projected onto the CCD (charge couple device) sensor simultaneously. In this paper, a novel method is proposed for reconstructing three-dimensional (3-D) temperature field of a flame based on a single light field camera. A radiative imaging of a single light field camera is also modeled for the flame. In this model, the principal ray represents the beam projected onto the pixel of the CCD sensor. The radiation direction of the ray from the flame outside the camera is obtained according to thin lens equation based on geometrical optics. The intensities of the principal rays recorded by the pixels on the CCD sensor are mathematically modeled based on radiative transfer equation. The temperature distribution of the flame is then reconstructed by solving the mathematical model through the use of least square QR-factorization algorithm (LSQR). The numerical simulations and experiments are carried out to investigate the validity of the proposed method. The results presented in this study show that the proposed method is capable of reconstructing the 3-D temperature field of a flame.

Three-dimensional temperature field measurement of flame using a single light field camera.

A novel calibration method of focused light field camera for 3-D reconstruction of flame temperature

A noise immune temperature measurement method is proposed by using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). Noise immunity is achieved through spectrum shifting by a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The driving current of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser is tuned for linear wavenumber scanning and followed by a saw-tooth climbing laser signal. The laser signal travels through the interferometer, and a high-frequency carrier signal of megahertz level modulates the saw-tooth signal away from background noises. When the output laser of the interferometer passes through the target gas, the absorption spectrum is imposed on the intensity profile. In this way, the absorption spectrum is shifted to a high-frequency spectral band from a low-frequency band where both the absorption spectrum and the background noises appear. A part of the output laser of the interferometer is split to provide a reference for baseline extraction and hence absorption spectrum extraction. For the dual-color temperature extraction method, laser absorption spectra of the target gas centered at two different wavenumbers are achieved. Numerical simulations and actual experiments at different temperatures, e.g., using a heating device and Bunsen burner verified the noise immunity of the proposed method. Performance comparisons with the direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) showed that the proposed method generated more precise temperature values in a noisy background.

Noise Immune TDLAS Temperature Measurement Through Spectrum Shifting by Using a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer

Due to the variety of burner structure and fuel mixing, the flame temperature distribution is not only irregular but also complex. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an advanced temperature measurement technique, which can provide not only adequate flame radiative information but also reconstruct complex flame temperature accurately. In this paper, a novel multi-plenoptic camera imaging technique is proposed which is not only provide adequate flame radiative information from two different directions but also reconstruct the complex flame temperature distribution accurately. An inverse algorithm i.e., Non-Negative Least Squares is used to reconstruct the flame temperature. The bimodal asymmetric temperature distribution is considered to verify the feasibility of the proposed system. Numerical simulations and experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system is able to provide higher reconstruction accuracy although the reconstruction accuracy decreases with the increase of noise levels. Meanwhile, compared with the single plenoptic and conventional multi-camera techniques, the proposed method has the advantages of lower relative error and better reconstruction quality even with higher noise levels. The proposed technique is further verified by experimental studies. The experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed technique is effective and feasible for the reconstruction of flame temperature. Therefore, the proposed multi-plenoptic camera imaging technique is capable of reconstructing the complex flame temperature fields more precisely.

/pdf/flame-temperature-reconstruction-through-a-multi-plenoptic-1ee2nphghr.pdf

Flame temperature reconstruction through a multi-plenoptic camera technique

Simultaneous measurement of flame temperature and absorption coefficient through LMBC-NNLS and plenoptic imaging techniques

Three-Dimensional (3-D) temperature measurement in a low pressure flame reactor using multiplexed tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)

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Three-Dimensional (3-D) temperature measurement in a low pressure flame reactor using multiplexed tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS)