Library service protocols are provided for moving large data objects into an out of a data image library with attention to security, authentication, and consistency of related images stored in different machines. The protocol consists of particular message sequences, special tokens within messages, and out-of-sequence database changes.

Method and means for providing access to a library of digitized documents and images

A method is presented for marking high-quality digital images with a robust and invisible watermark. A broad definition of robustness, stated as fundamental, is used. It requires the invisible mark to survive and remain detectable through all image manipulations that in themselves does not damage the image beyond useability. These manipulations include JPEG "lossy" compression and, in the extreme, the printing and rescanning of the image. The watermark is imparted onto an image as a random, bur reproducible, small modulation of its pixel brightnesses, and becomes a permanent part of the marked image. Detecting the imparted watermark, especially after image manipulation, is a daunting task. It is one of detecting the presence of a known small modulation of a random carrier where the carrier is composed of the pixel brightness values of the unmarked image. The method presented exploits the not well understood but superb ability of the human visual system to recognize a correlated pattern in a scatter diagram called a "visualizer-coincidence image." Results of application of the method are presented.

Protecting publicly-available images with an invisible image watermark

A survey of password mechanisms: Weaknesses and potential improvements. Part 2

A survey of password mechanisms

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses recent advancements in cryptographic techniques, known as public key cryptography, which provides elegant solutions not only to secrecy and authentication, but also to protection against forgery through a provision called digital signatures. The chapter begins by introducing a few useful concepts, definitions, and notations. The process of transforming the message or plain text and locking its contents from being known to others is called encryption or enciphering. Decryption is the unlocking of the ciphered text to get back the original plain text. The locking and unlocking is done by a key, which is known only to the legitimate sender-receiver and the encryption-decryption pair constitutes a cryptosystem. Cryptography deals with the analysis and design of cryptosystems. The modern public-key cryptosystem uses different keys for the encryption and decryption process. The chapter presents various algorithms for public key cryptosystems and describes its various applications, such as authentication, digital signatures, read-only secure communications, conference key distribution systems, and data-base security.

Algorithms for Public Key Cryptosystems: Theory and Application

Cryptographic methods of data protection have taken on new importance as computers have become faster and as strong cryptographic algorithms, such as the Data Encryption Standard (DES), have become available. But a standard encipherment technique is only the first step in applying cryptography in a computing center. This paper discusses the Information Protection System (IPS), a set of cryptographic application programs designed to use the DES algorithm in a working computing center. In designing IPS, several important augmentations of DES were formulated. IPS was first implemented to help increase computing-center security at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center and is now widely installed at other IBM locations. IPS is not an IBM product and is not available for use outside IBM, but many cryptographic techniques in IPS were incorporated into the IBM cryptographic products announced in 1977.

The IPS cryptographic programs

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The IPS cryptographic programs