Publisher Summary As fish farming expands and harvesting of wild stocks becomes more intense, there is a growing need for techniques for storage of gametes to facilitate artificial reproduction procedures and to preserve desirable gene pools. Cryogenic gene banking of fish gametes is now possible for sperm cells from several species, but not for ova and embryos. This chapter reviews the aspects of fish gamete preservation. The chapter reviews all available information and presents a separate treatment of salmonids. Compared to egg cells, sperm cells are preferred for preservation. The reasons are the large number of available spermatozoa, the ease and repeatability of collection, and the suitability for cryopreservation. Because information about fish spermatozoa morphology, metabolism, and motility is rather scarce and scattered in the literature, these subjects are given particular attention. The chapter discusses the general aspects of cryobiology.

6 Fish Gamete Preservation and Spermatozoan Physiology

1. Introduction 1.1. What Is Stress? 1.2. Dynamics of the Stress Response and Effects on Performance 1.3. Contemporary View of the GAS: Eustress versus Distress 1.4. Sensory Systems and Perception 1.5. Adaptation versus Nonadaptation Aspects of the Stress Response 1.6. Key Unknowns The general physiological response of fish to threatening situations, as with all vertebrates, is referred to as stress. A stress response is initiated almost immediately following the perception of a stressor. Mildly stressful situations can have beneficial or positive effects (eustress), while higher severities induce adaptive responses but also can have maladaptive or negative consequences (distress). The stress response is initiated and controlled by two hormonal systems, those leading to the production of corticosteroids (mainly cortisol) and catecholamines (such as adrenaline and noradrenaline and their precursor dopamine). Together these regulate the secondary stress response factors that alter the distribution of necessary resources such as energy sources and oxygen to vital areas of the body, as well as compromise hydromineral imbalance and the immune system. If fish can resist death due to a stressor, they recover to a similar or somewhat similar homeostatic norm. Long-term consequences of repeated or prolonged exposures to stress are maladaptive by negatively affecting other necessary life functions (growth, development, disease resistance, behavior, and reproduction), in large part because of the energetic cost associated with mounting the stress response (allostatic load). There is considerable variation in how fish respond to a stressor because of genetic differences among different taxa and also within stocks and species. Variations within the stress response are introduced by the environmental history of the fish, present ambient environmental conditions, and the fish's present physiological condition. Currently, fish physiology has progressed to the point where we can easily recognize when fish are stressed, but we cannot always recognize when fish are unstressed because the lack of clinical signs of stress does not always correspond to fish being unstressed. In other words, we need to be aware of the possibility of false negatives regarding clinical signs of stress. In addition, we cannot use clinical data to precisely or accurately infer severity of a stressor.

The Concept of Stress in Fish

Several aspects of salmonid sperm have been critically reviewed: structure, density, volume, chemical composition, metabolism, fertilisation techniques, motility, dilution, activation, storage at temperatures above and below 0deg; C and cryopreservation.

A review of the biology, handling and storage of salmonid spermatozoa

Various combinations of sucrose, reduced glutathione and potassium bicarbonate were tested for the cryogenic preservation of salmon spermatozoa. When a fast freezing procedure was followed, the extender that gave the best results was composed of 1 part of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), as a protective agent, and 7 parts of a medium containing 125 mM-sucrose, 6.50 mM-reduced glutathione and 100 mM-potassium bicarbonate. Salmon and cod spermatozoa were kept frozen in this extender for 1 year. Freezing resulted in a reduction in the number of motile spermatozoa but had no significant effect on the degree of progression of motile spermatozoa or on their fertilizing capacity. When glycerol replaced DMSO in the extender and a slow freezing procedure was followed, similar results were obtained for the spermatozoa of bull or man; although the number of motile spermatozoa was reduced, there was no effect on the progressive motility score.

/pdf/cryogenic-preservation-of-fish-and-mammalian-spermatozoa-4w2a7bdq6l.pdf

Cryogenic preservation of fish and mammalian spermatozoa.

Cryopreservation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) sperm: I. Effect of thawing solution, sperm density and interval between thawing and insemination

Non-frozen storage of sperm for several weeks was achieved by the use of buffered protective agents and low temperature For example, sperm stored with 5% dimethyl sulphoxide at −45 C for 28 days 

Sub-Zero Preservation of Atlantic Salmon Sperm

A Preliminary Communication on the Biological Activity of 1α-Hydroxycorticosterone Isolated from Cartilaginous Fish

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Sub-Zero Preservation of Atlantic Salmon Sperm

A Preliminary Communication on the Biological Activity of 1α-Hydroxycorticosterone Isolated from Cartilaginous Fish