Simultaneous imposition of alternating electric and stationary magnetic fields on a molten metal will induce a vibrating motion in the liquid, which can lead to the formation and collapse of cavities and affect the solidification structure. Following earlier works on Al-Si alloys, the process is used to refine the microstructure of gray iron. It is found that in addition to the refinement of columnar-dendritic structure of primary austenite into a fine and homogeneous one, the eutectic cell structure is also extensively refined. The effects of the two main parameters involved in the process, that is, the frequency and the intensity of vibrations are, for the first time, quantitatively presented. The refinement of the cells proceeds as the frequency is increased up to about 500 Hz, where a reverse trend starts and results in a complete termination of the effects at about 10 kHz. The increase in the number of cells because of the increase in the intensity of vibrations shows a sharp jump at an electromagnetic pressure of about 105 Pa, where the cavitation phenomenon is more likely to occur by overcoming the static pressure. However, increasing the electromagnetic pressure to higher values does not essentially result in a considerable further refinement, implicating the existence of a limit in the process of structural refinement by the cavitation phenomenon.

Structural refinement of gray iron by electromagnetic vibrations

The specific capacitance is a key performing factor for the aluminum anode foil of aluminum electrolytic capacitor. In order to increase the specific capacitance, the effect of thiourea (TU) as corrosion inhibitor on the aluminum anode foil was investigated in this paper. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), polarization curves and weight loss measurements were used to investigate the effect of corrosion inhibitor TU added to nitric acid. EIS and inductance–capacitance–resistance (LCR) meter were also used to measure the specific capacitance of the aluminum anode foil, which was etched in nitric acid containing different contents of TU, and then formed in boric acid solution (100 g L−1) at 540 V. The results showed that the TU could be used as an inhibitor for Al in an acid solution. When the concentration of TU was 0.10%, the specific capacitance reached up to 0.661 μF cm−2, which increased by nearly 24% compared to that without TU. The data for the specific capacitance of Al anode foil corresponding to different TU concentrations obtained by EIS coincided well with the one obtained using LCR meter; thus, EIS could be effectively used for the preliminary selection of the type and ideal concentration of inhibitor.

Effect of Thiourea on the Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Anode Foil of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor

We study gray spherulitic cast iron, its microstructure, hardness ultimate strength in tension, elongation, and impact toughness as functions of the duration of isothermal austenitizing in the bainite region at 350 and 400°C after austenitizing at 900°C. As the temperature of quenching increases from 350 to 400°C, the microstructure of the analyzed cast iron changes from lower to higher bainite and the amount of retained austenite increases (its maximum is attained after 1 h). At the same time, the ultimate strength in tension and hardness decrease, whereas the elongation and fracture toughness increase.

Austempering of spheroidal graphite cast iron

Komputerowe modelowanie kształtowania struktury w żeliwie wermikularnym w fazie stałej

Austempering kinetic measurements and mechanical property measurements are presented for a compacted graphite iron of composition Fe-3.4C-3.5Si-0.25Mn-0.50Mo-0.50Ni (wt-%) austempered at 375°C after austenitising at 890 and 940°C. Analysis of the austempering kinetics shows that alloying elements have a similar effect on the processing window as in ductile irons. The mechanical properties show optimum values at austempering times within the processing window. However, the graphite morphology limits the mechanical property enhancement achieved by austempering. Nevertheless, it is possible to double the strength of the as cast compacted graphite iron without loss in ductility.

Relationship between mechanical properties and structure in austempered alloyed compacted graphite cast iron

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Relationship between mechanical properties and structure in austempered alloyed compacted graphite cast iron