Battery-charging algorithms can be used for either single- or multiple-battery chemistries. In general, single-chemistry chargers have the advantages of simplicity and reliability. On the other hand, multichemistry chargers, or “universal battery chargers,” provide a practical option for multichemistry battery systems, particularly for portable appliances, but they have some limitations. This paper presents a review of some charging algorithms for major batteries, i.e., nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal-hydride, and lithium-ion batteries for single- and multiple-chemistry chargers. A comparison between these algorithms in terms of their charging schemes and charge termination techniques is included. In addition, some trends of recent chargers development are presented.

A Review of Charging Algorithms for Nickel and Lithium Battery Chargers

Electric vehicles are set to be the dominant form of transportation in the near future and Lithium-based rechargeable battery packs have been widely adopted in them. Battery packs need to be constantly monitored and managed in order to maintain the safety, efficiency and reliability of the overall electric vehicle system. A battery management system consists of a battery fuel gauge, optimal charging algorithm, and cell/thermal balancing circuitry. It uses three non-invasive measurements from the battery, voltage, current and temperature, in order to estimate crucial states and parameters of the battery system, such as battery impedance, battery capacity, state of charge, state of health, power fade, and remaining useful life. These estimates are important for the proper functioning of optimal charging algorithms, charge and thermal balancing strategies, and battery safety mechanisms. Approach to robust battery management consists of accurate characterization, robust estimation of battery states and parameters, and optimal battery control strategies. This paper describes some recent approaches developed by the authors towards developing a robust battery management system.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/11/2825/pdf

Battery Management Systems—Challenges and Some Solutions

This paper suggests a new onboard charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. It has a cascade structure of a high-frequency resonant converter with a constant switching frequency for electrical isolation and discontinuous-conduction-mode buck-boost converter for charge control and harmonic regulation of input current under universal line input. This structure uses small link capacitors so that high-voltage electrolytic capacitors that are not preferable to be used in automotive applications due to its short lifetime can be removed. The feasibility of the proposed charger has been verified with single-phase and three-phase prototypes.

Single- and Three-Phase PHEV Onboard Battery Charger Using Small Link Capacitor

Battery fast charging is one of the most significant and difficult techniques affecting the commercialization of electric vehicles (EVs). In this paper, we propose a fast charge framework based on model predictive control, with the aim of simultaneously reducing the charge duration, which represents the out-of-service time of vehicles, and the increase in temperature, which represents safety and energy efficiency during the charge process. The RC model is employed to predict the future State of Charge (SOC). A single mode lumped-parameter thermal model and a neural network trained by real experimental data are also applied to predict the future temperature in simulations and experiments respectively. A genetic algorithm is then applied to find the best charge sequence under a specified fitness function, which consists of two objectives: minimizing the charging duration and minimizing the increase in temperature. Both simulation and experiment demonstrate that the Pareto front of the proposed method dominates that of the most popular constant current constant voltage (CCCV) charge method.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/4/8/1178/pdf

Model Predictive Control-Based Fast Charging for Vehicular Batteries

Resonant Beam Charging (RBC) is the Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology, which can provide high-power, long-distance, mobile, and safe wireless charging for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Supporting multiple IoT devices charging simultaneously is a significant feature of the RBC system. To optimize the multi-user charging performance, the transmitting power should be scheduled for charging all IoT devices simultaneously. In order to keep all IoT devices working as long as possible for fairness, we propose the First Access First Charge (FAFC) scheduling algorithm. Then, we formulate the scheduling parameters quantitatively for algorithm implementation. Finally, we analyze the performance of FAFC scheduling algorithm considering the impacts of the receiver number, the transmitting power and the charging time. Based on the analysis, we summarize the methods of improving the WPT performance for multiple IoT devices, which include limiting the receiver number, increasing the transmitting power, prolonging the charging time and improving the single-user's charging efficiency. The FAFC scheduling algorithm design and analysis provide a fair WPT solution for the multi-user RBC system.

Fair Scheduling in Resonant Beam Charging for IoT Devices.

This paper presents a wide voltage range universal battery charging algorithm to meet the specification laid down for the 2007 Future Energy Challenge Competition sponsored by IEEE Power Electronics Society and Power Sources Manufacturers Association. A thorough study of the battery chemistries is carried out. A suitable universal battery charging algorithm is proposed based on the battery characteristics analysis. The proposed system is capable of charging Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-Ion from 2 V to 18 V of batteries. Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-Ionpsilas charging profiles were obtained through DAQ and utilized it to build a simple algorithm, which is to detect the inflection point, threshold point, and termination point. The Atmega 88 8-bit RISC microcontroller is chosen to implement the battery charging algorithm, and the experimental results will be shown for to verify the proposed algorithm.

A universal battery charging algorithm for Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-Ion for wide range voltage in portable applications

This paper presents a wide voltage range universal battery charger to meet the specification laid down for the 2007 Future Energy Challenge Competition sponsored by U.S. DOE and IEEE. The proposed system is capable of charging Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-ion batteries from 2 V to 18 V. Hardware design, implementation, and test results of the proposed low-cost battery charger are presented in this paper.

Low cost universal battery charger for wide range input voltage and wide range output voltage in portable applications

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A universal battery charging algorithm for Ni-Cd, Ni-MH, SLA, and Li-Ion for wide range voltage in portable applications

Low cost universal battery charger for wide range input voltage and wide range output voltage in portable applications