SnO2: A comprehensive review on structures and gas sensors

In the recent past a great deal of research efforts were directed toward the development of miniaturized gas-sensing devices, particularly for toxic gas detection and for pollution monitoring. Though various techniques are available for gas detection, solid state metal oxides offer a wide spectrum of materials and their sensitivities for different gaseous species, making it a better choice over other options. In this article a critical parameter analysis of different metal oxides that are known to be sensitive to various gaseous species are thoroughly examined. This includes phase of the oxide, sensing gaseous species, operating temperature range, and physical form of the material for the development of integrated gas sensors. The oxides that are covered in this study include oxides of aluminum, bismuth, cadmium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gallium, indium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, ruthenium, tantalum, tin, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zinc, zirconium, and the mixed or...

Oxide Materials for Development of Integrated Gas Sensors—A Comprehensive Review

Metal oxides possess exceptional potential as base materials in emerging technologies. In recent times, significant amount of research works is carried out on these materials to assess new areas of applications, including optical, electronic, optoelectronic and biological domains. In such applications, the response and performance of the devices depend crucially, among other factors, on the size, shape and surface of the active oxide materials. For instance, the electronic and optical properties of oxides depend strongly on the spatial dimensions and composition [1] . The large number of atoms on the surface, and the effective van der Waals, Coulombic and interatomic coupling significantly modify the physical and chemical properties of the low dimensional oxide materials vis-a-vis its bulk counterparts. As a result, low dimensional oxide materials, such as nanoparticles, nanospheres, nanorods, nanowires, nanoribbon/nanobelts, nanotubes, nanodisks, nanosheets evoke vast and diverse interests. Thermal and physical deposition, hydro/solvothermal process, spray-pyrolysis, assisted self-assembly, oil-in-water microemulsion and template-assisted synthesis are regularly employed to synthesis one-, two- and three-dimensional nanostructures, which have become the focus of intensive research in mesoscopic physics and nanoscale devices. It not only provides good scopes to study the optical, electrical and thermal properties in quantum-confinement, but also offers important insights for understanding the functional units in fabricating electronic, optoelectronic, and magnetic devices of nanoscale dimension. Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) is one such very important n-type oxide and wide band gap (3.6 eV) semiconductor. Its good quality electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties are exploited in solar cells, as catalytic support materials, as solid-state chemical sensors and as high-capacity lithium-storage. Previously, Chopra et al. [2] reviewed different aspects of transparent conducting SnO 2 thin films. Wang et al. [3] discussed device applications of nanowires and nanobelts of semiconductor oxides, including SnO 2 . Batzill et al. [4] discussed about the surface of single crystalline bulk SnO 2 . However, it is understood that neither there is any comprehensive review on various crystallographic phases, polymorphs, bulk modulus, lattice parameters and electronic states of SnO 2 , nor there is any updated compilation on the recent progress and scope on SnO 2 nanostructures. Therefore, the proposed review covers the past and recent progress on the said topics and is summarized in the following manner. The available theoretical and experimental works on crystal structures, bulk modulus, lattice parameters are reviewed in details. The electronic states and the band structures of these phases are discussed next. Active crystal surfaces of SnO 2 play vital roles in its many interesting properties, including sensing and catalytic applications. So, a short review is written on its different surfaces, its electronic structures and density of states. The discussion on the importance of morphological variations on the properties of SnO 2 is followed by a review on different methods for obtaining such structures. A detail survey on the existing literature on techniques and mechanisms for the growth of nanostructures are included. SnO 2 is efficiently employed in gas sensing applications. A review on such applications is compiled based on the role of morphology and performance. The future course of SnO 2 as an important material in the contemporary research is also discussed.

SnO2: A Comprehensive Review on Structures and Gas Sensors

Synthesis and applications of one-dimensional semiconductors

The mechanistic description of gas sensing on inorganic, organic, and polymeric materials is of great scientific and technological interest. The understanding of surface and bulk reactions responsible for gas-sensing effects will lead to increased selectivity and sensitivity in the chemical determination of gases and thus to the development of better sensors. In recent years, spectroscopic tools have been developed to follow the physicochemical processes taking place in an active sensing element in real time and under operating conditions. Thus, the monitoring of the processes in "living" gas sensors is no longer an unsolvable problem. This Review gives an overview of in situ and operando spectroscopic techniques for the study of gas-sensing mechanisms on solid-state sensors.

In situ and operando spectroscopy for assessing mechanisms of gas sensing.

Two sensors previously developed at Swansea have been greatly improved. The resistance in clean air of the CO-selective sensor can be reduced by a factor of up to 200 by introducing small amounts of Sb2O3 (0.2–2%); production of the methane-selective device can be improved by introducing a presintering stage. Further study of the tin oxide-bismuth oxide system has led to the production of a third selective sensor, which is sensitive to the presence of hydrogen but shows no response to the presence of either carbon monoxide or methane.

Selectivity studies on tin oxide-based semiconductor gas sensors

The responses of several tin oxide based sensors to contaminant gases, such as methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are shown to be greatly affected by the oxygen concentration in the ambient atmosphere. A model is described which explains the observed results. At low oxygen concentration (<or=2% V/V) changes in resistance of factors up to 104 are observed.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/24/4/017/pdf

The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the response of tin (IV) oxide based gas sensors

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Selectivity studies on tin oxide-based semiconductor gas sensors

The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the response of tin (IV) oxide based gas sensors