A primary focus of coastal science during the past 3 decades has been the question: How does anthropogenic nutrient enrichment cause change in the structure or function of nearshore coastal ecosystems? This theme of environmental science is recent, so our conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem continues to change rapidly In this review, I suggest that the early (Phase I) con- ceptual model was strongly influenced by limnologists, who began intense study of lake eutrophication by the 1960s The Phase I model emphasized changing nutrient input as a signal, and responses to that signal as increased phytoplankton biomass and primary production, decomposition of phytoplankton- derived organic matter, and enhanced depletion of oxygen from bottom waters Coastal research in recent decades has identified key differences in the responses of lakes and coastal-estuarine ecosystems to nutrient enrichment The contemporary (Phase II) conceptual model reflects those differences and includes explicit recognition of (1) system-specific attributes that act as a filter to modulate the responses to enrichment (leading to large differences among estuarine-coastal systems in their sensitivity to nu- trient enrichment); and (2) a complex suite of direct and indirect responses including linked changes in: water transparency, distribution of vascular plants and biomass of macroalgae, sediment biogeochem- istry and nutrient cycling, nutrient ratios and their regulation of phytoplankton community composition, frequency of toxic/harmful algal blooms, habitat quality for metazoans, reproduction/growth/survival of pelagic and benthic invertebrates, and subtle changes such as shifts in the seasonality of ecosystem functions Each aspect of the Phase II model is illustrated here with examples from coastal ecosystems around the world In the last section of this review I present one vision of the next (Phase III) stage in the evolution of our conceptual model, organized around 5 questions that will guide coastal science in the early 21st century: (1) How do system-specific attributes constrain or amplify the responses of coastal ecosystems to nutrient enrichment? (2) How does nutrient enrichment interact with other stressors (toxic contaminants, fishing harvest, aquaculture, nonindigenous species, habitat loss, climate change, hydro- logic manipulations) to change coastal ecosystems? (3) How are responses to multiple stressors linked? (4) How does human-induced change in the coastal zone impact the Earth system as habitat for humanity and other species? (5) How can a deeper scientific understanding of the coastal eutrophication problem be applied to develop tools for building strategies at ecosystem restoration or rehabilitation?

https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/210/m210p223.pdf

Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem

Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis.

The rapid development of intensive fed aquaculture (e.g. finfish and shrimp) throughout the world is associated with concerns about the environmental impacts of such often monospecific practices, especially where activities are highly geographically concentrated or located in suboptimal sites whose assimilative capacity is poorly understood and, consequently, prone to being exceeded. One of the main environmental issues is the direct discharge of significant nutrient loads into coastal waters from open-water systems and with the effluents from land-based systems. In its search for best management practices, the aquaculture industry should develop innovative and responsible practices that optimize its efficiency and create diversification, while ensuring the remediation of the consequences of its activities to maintain the health of coastal waters. To avoid pronounced shifts in coastal processes, conversion, not dilution, is a common-sense solution, used for centuries in Asian countries. By integrating fed aquaculture (finfish, shrimp) with inorganic and organic extractive aquaculture (seaweed and shellfish), the wastes of one resource user become a resource (fertilizer or food) for the others. Such a balanced ecosystem approach provides nutrient bioremediation capability, mutual benefits to the cocultured organisms, economic diversification by producing other value-added marine crops, and increased profitability per cultivation unit for the aquaculture industry. Moreover, as guidelines and regulations on aquaculture effluents are forthcoming in several countries, using appropriately selected seaweeds as renewable biological nutrient scrubbers represents a cost-effective means for reaching compliance by reducing the internalization of the total environmental costs. By adopting integrated polytrophic practices, the aquaculture industry should find increasing environmental, economic, and social acceptability and become a full and sustainable partner within the development of integrated coastal management frameworks.

Integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability

Minireview integrating seaweeds into marine aquaculture systems: a key toward sustainability'

https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/download/29264/PDF

The ecological role of bivalve shellfish aquaculture in the estuarine environment: A review with application to oyster and clam culture in West Coast (USA) estuaries

Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay

Seasonal changes in the metabolism of cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from a Nova Scotian inlet: the effects of winter ice cover and nutritive stress

Des recherches sur la consommation d'oxygene des sediments, les productions de dioxyde de carbone et la reduction des sulfates ont ete menees dans les sediments vaseux de la marge continentale de Nouvelle Ecosse, afin d'examiner les variations saisonnieres et temporelles de la mineralisation du carbone. Les differences dans la texture des sediments sont causees principalement par les variations de taille et d'abondance des pelotes fecales, et les contenus en carbone et en azote sont plus bas au niveau du talus que sur le plateau continental. Les flux mesures sur un navire a partir d'incubations de sous-echantillons provenant d'un carottier-boite sont compares aux valeurs deja publiees obtenues au cours des memes campagnes mais avec des microelectrodes, par analyses de profiles verticaux realises sur l'eau interstitielle et par incubations d'echantillons provenant d'un carottier multitubes. La mineralisation du carbone mesuree soit par la consommation d'oxygene soit par la production de CO 2 n'est generalement pas significativement differente pour une meme station. La consommation d'oxygene est plus elevee a la station la moins profonde (Emerald Basin, 230 m) et moindre sur le talus (800 m), avec des valeurs intermediaires dans la Laurentia Trough (500 m), mais les differences temporelles dans les flux ne sont pas les memes a toutes les stations. Les taux de consommation d'oxygene mesures a bord a partir d'incubations de sous-echantillons d'un carottier-boite sont generalement identiques a ceux obtenus par incubations d'echantillons provenant d'un carottier multitubes. Les taux de consommation d'oxygene determines par microelectrodes et les flux de CO 2 obtenus pour l'eau interstitielle sont plus bas que ceux issus d'incubations, probablement en raison de la non prise en compte de la bioturbation dans les calculs realises sur les incubations. Le metabolisme benthique total est domine par la reduction des sulfates a toutes les stations jusqu'a au moins 35 cm au-dessous de la surface du sediment, avec a nouveau des taux plus importants sur le plateau que sur le talus. Malgre une plus grande profondeur au niveau du talus, comparee a Emerald Basin, la dimution de la mineralisation du carbone est faible, ce que suggere un apport lateral significatif au talus en provenance du plateau de Nouvelle Ecosse. En comparaison avec les sables qui recouvrent la plus trande partie du plateau, l'importance relative des sediments fins de celui-ci est accentuee car les processus de mineralisation dans ces substrats (particulierement la reduction des sulfates) impliquent une plus grande hauteur de la colonne de sediment que dans les sables, pauvres en matiere organique. En outre, la mineralisation relativement elevee sur le talus doit etre prise en compte dans les budgets de carbone de la marge continentale, en particulier dans le cas d'un transfer significatif en dehors du plateau continental.

Sulfate reduction and total benthic metabolism in shelf and slope sediments off Nova Scotia

/pdf/effects-of-suspended-mussel-culture-mytilus-spp-on-ycj8sc5pn6.pdf

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Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay

Seasonal changes in the metabolism of cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) from a Nova Scotian inlet: the effects of winter ice cover and nutritive stress

Sulfate reduction and total benthic metabolism in shelf and slope sediments off Nova Scotia

Effects of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay