High cholesterol absorption: A risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases?

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in Germany. Cardiovascular risk can be mitigated with long-term lipid-lowering therapies (LLTs) that reduce levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Although effective, risk mitigation is hindered by poor persistence and adherence.To investigate real-world persistence and adherence to LLTs through 36 months post-initiation.This retrospective cohort study included patients with dyslipidemia who were newly prescribed LLTs between July and December 2017, using anonymized prescription data from the Insight Health™ Patient Insight Tool, and followed up until March 2021. Persistence and adherence to the therapies were stratified by age and sex. The proportion of days covered (PDC) was used to measure adherence.Patients with dyslipidemia and newly prescribed statins (n = 865,732), ezetimibe (n = 34,490), or anti-proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (anti-PCSK9 mAbs; n = 1940) were included. Persistence to LLTs declined gradually across all treatment subgroups and was lower in women than men. Adherence, calculated as the mean PDC at the end of the analysis period (July 2017‒March 2021) was 0.84, 0.92, and 0.93 for statins, ezetimibe, and anti-PCSK9 mAbs, respectively. Among patients who discontinued treatment, mean treatment duration was 265, 255, and 387 days for statins, ezetimibe, and anti-PCSK9 mAbs, respectively. Only ~ 10% of patients persisted between 201 and 300 days. By Day 300, 71% of patients on statins had discontinued treatment. At 36 months, overall persistence rates were lowest with statins (20.6%), followed by ezetimibe (22.3%) and anti-PCSK9 mAbs (50.9%).High non-persistence rates were observed across all LLT regimens analyzed, with the lowest persistence rates observed with statins. 

Retrospective real-world analysis of adherence and persistence to lipid-lowering therapy in Germany.

Impact of physician's perception about LDL cholesterol control in clinical practice when treating patients in Spain.

Effects of high- versus low-intensity lipid-lowering treatment in patients undergoing serial coronary computed tomography angiography: results of the multi-center LOCATE study.

Free AccessLipid-lowering therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease – a call for actionComment on M. Sagris et al., pp. 198–211Umidakhon Makhmudova, Daniel Kretzschmar, P. Christian Schulze, and Oliver WeingärtnerUmidakhon Makhmudovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8746-5465 Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany Search for more papers by this author, Daniel Kretzschmarhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-5811 Cardiovascular Center Goslar, Germany Search for more papers by this author, P. Christian Schulze Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany Search for more papers by this author, and Oliver WeingärtnerProf. Dr. Oliver Weingärtner, MD, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germanyoliver.weingaertner@med.uni-jena.dehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-206X Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Jena, Germany Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:July 05, 2022https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a001013PDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInReddit SectionsMoreIn 1986 Michael Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for their seminal discovery of the LDL-receptor [1, 2]. In their Nobel Prize Lecture in Stockholm the laureates reported that low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) binds optimally to the LDL-receptor when the lipoprotein is present at cholesterol concentrations of 2.5 mg/dl. In view of the 10-to-1 gradient between concentrations of LDL in plasma and interstitial fluid, a level of 25 mg/dl would be sufficient to nourish body cells with cholesterol. Interestingly, this is the level of a newborn human being, and this is roughly one fifth of the level usually seen in Western societies later in life [3].The Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration meta-analysis of statin trials demonstrated that LDL-C lowering with statins by 1 mmol/L (38.7 mg/dl) reduces cardiovascular risk by 23% [4]. IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial) demonstrated that lipid-lowering to LDL-C levels of 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dl) is superior to 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dl) and reduces hard cardiovascular outcomes [5]. The IMPROVE-IT trial was one of the reasons to lower target LDL-C levels for high-risk patients in the revised version of the ESC/EAS-dyslipidemia guidelines to 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dl) [6]. Recently reported data in a “real-world setting” reiterated the importance of LDL-C levels in high-risk patients. In a nationwide study of myocardial infarction (MI) patients in Sweden, early LDL-C reduction after MI was associated with lower incidence and reduced adjusted hazard ratios of major cardiovascular outcomes (MACE), all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, MI, ischemic stroke, hospitalization for heart failure, and coronary revascularization. These findings were most evident in patients with the greatest LDL-C reduction, whereas patients that did not have a reduction, or had an increase in LDL-C, had the highest risk. These “real-world data” clearly demonstrate that an LDL-C reduction of 2.0 mmol/L (80 mg/dl) during a 4-year follow-up period reduced all-cause mortality dramatically by almost 70%, hospitalization for heart failure by 65% and incidence of myocardial infarctions by 60% [7]. The relationship between LDL-C reduction and event rate decline was linear and comparable to the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration meta-analysis of statin treatment trials [4]. These data demonstrate the importance of LDL-C reduction in high-risk patients.In the revised version of the ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guidelines patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) are defined as “very high risk” [8]. FOURIER (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk) exemplifies the importance of lipid-lowering in PAD patients [9]. The placebo-group of FOURIER revealed that patients with documented PAD had a higher risk for cardiovascular events than patients with prior myocardial infarction or those with prior ischaemic stroke (13% versus 7.6%). Patients with peripheral artery disease and prior MI or ischemic stroke were characterized by the highest risk (14.9%). More importantly, treatment with the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibody (PCSK9-mab) evolocumab reduced LDL-C and cardiovascular risk in all patients. However, the reduction was much more effective in patients with PAD compared to those without PAD (absolute risk reduction; 3.5% vs. 1.4%). The number needed to treat (NNT) in patients with PAD in FOURIER was 29 and in those without PAD only 72. Similar data have been obtained in ODYSSEY outcomes with alirocumab [10] and in IMPROVE-IT with ezetimibe [11]. By the way, the same holds true for patients with coronary artery bypass-grafts: the higher the cardiovascular risk – the greater the benefit of lipid-lowering [12].In the current edition of Vasa, Sagris and colleagues performed a meta-analysis of statin trials to explore the impact of statin treatment and treatment intensity on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, MACE, risk for amputation or loss of patency [13]. This meta-analysis included 39 studies and 275,670 patients. Almost half of them received statin therapy (49.3%). Statin treatment reduced all-cause mortality by 42% and cardiovascular mortality by 43%. Moreover, statins reduced MACE by 35% and risk of amputation by 35%. High-intensity statin treatment led to a greater reduction in all-cause mortality compared to low-intensity statin therapy.The findings of this meta-analysis highlight the importance of LDL-C lowering in PAD patients, once again. Despite obvious benefits, secondary prevention and lipid-lowering treatment in particular, in PAD patients is often neglected [14]. Growing evidence suggests that PAD patients have the worst prognosis and benefit most from lipid lowering treatment. Therefore, effective “treat-to-target” lipid-lowering therapy (1.4 mmol/L, 55 mg/dl) with statins as first-line drugs is necessary to reduce cardiovascular outcomes in this high-risk patient population [15]. Unfortunately, the DA VINCI Study has demonstrated only recently that we are far away from reaching these targets in high risk patients [16]. In particular in Germany, where we are “world champions” in interventional cardiology and angiology, only 16% of very-high risk secondary prevention patients reach LDL-C target levels [17]. Eighty-four percent are treated ineffectively. What a shame!In an effort to do better, the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Fettstoffwechselstörungen und Ihre Folgeerkrankungen (DGFF) started their campaign „auf Ziel“ (“on target”). In Jena, all patients with an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were started on the day of admission with a high intensity statin (atorvastatin 80 mg) and the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe (10 mg) [18]. During follow-up, all patients who failed to reach the LDL-C target of 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dl) were escalated with either bempedoic acid or a PCSK9-mab (evolocumab or alirocumab). Only 2 weeks prior to writing this editorial we presented the data of „Jena auf Ziel - JaZ“ in the Hotline Session “Late Breaking Clinical Trials” of the 88th Annual Meeting of the German Society of Cardiology in Mannheim, Germany. Using the entire armamentarium of lipid lowering drugs, LDL-C targets could be reached in all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction [19]. This can also be achieved in PAD patients. Let’s get the job done!References1 Brown MS, Goldstein JL. A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science. 1986;232:34–47. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar2 Kresge N, Simoni RD, Hill RL. 30 years of cholesterol metabolism: The work of Michael Brown and Joseph Goldstein. J Biol Chem. 2006;281:e25–8. First citation in articleCrossref, Google Scholar3 Brown MS. Nobel Lecture – Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2022 [Internet]. May 11, 2022. Available from: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1985/brown/lecture/ First citation in articleGoogle Scholar4 Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: Prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–78. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar5 Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2387–97. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar6 Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:111–88. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar7 Schubert J, Lindahl B, Melhus H, Renlund H, Leosdottir M, Yari A, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction and statin intensity in myocardial infarction patients and major adverse outcomes: A Swedish nationwide cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42:243–52. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar8 Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1769–818. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar9 Bonaca MP, Nault P, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Pineda AL, Kanevsky E, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering with evolocumab and outcomes in patients with peripheral artery disease: Insights from the FOURIER Trial (Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk). Circulation. 2018;137:338–50. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar10 Jukema JW, Szarek M, Zijlstra LE, de Silva HA, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, et al. Alirocumab in patients with polyvascular disease and recent acute coronary syndrome: ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1167–76. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar11 Bohula EA, Morrow DA, Giugliano RP, Blazing MA, He P, Park J-G, et al. Atherothrombotic risk stratification and ezetimibe for secondary prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:911–21. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar12 Goodman SG, Aylward PE, Szarek M, Chumburidze V, Bhatt DL, Bittner VA, et al. Effects of alirocumab on cardiovascular events after coronary bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:1177–86. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar13 Sagris M, Katsaros I, Giannopoulos S, Rosenberg RD, Altin SE, Rallidis L, et al. Statins and statin intensity in peripheral artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasa. 2022;51(4):198–211. First citation in articleAbstract, Google Scholar14 Welten GMJM, Schouten O, Hoeks SE, Chonchol M, Vidakovic R, van Domburg RT, et al. Long-term prognosis of patients with peripheral arterial disease: A comparison in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:1588–96. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar15 Belch JJF, Brodmann M, Baumgartner I, Binder CJ, Casula M, Heiss C, et al. Lipid-lowering and anti-thrombotic therapy in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasa. 2021;50:401–11. First citation in articleLink, Google Scholar16 Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, Giovas P, Bray S, Kiru G, et al. EU-wide cross-sectional observational study of lipid-modifying therapy use in secondary and primary care: The DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28:1279–89. First citation in articleCrossref Medline, Google Scholar17 Gouni-Berthold I, Schaper F, Schatz U, Fraass U, Tabbert-Zitzler A, Ray KK. Lipid lowering therapy in primary and secondary prevention across Europe: are LDL-C goals achieved in Germany? Results from the DA VINCI study. Clin Res Cardiol [Internet]. 2021. Available from: https://dgk.org/kongress_programme/jt2021/aP1105.html First citation in articleGoogle Scholar18 Makhmudova U, Schulze PC, Vogt A, Weingartner O. Kardiovaskuläre Hochrisikopatienten: Hilfe bei der LDL-C-Zielwerterreichung. CardioVasc. 2021;6:36–8. First citation in articleGoogle Scholar19 Makhmudova U, Samadifar B, Maloku A, Haxhikadrija P, Otto S, Schulze PC, et al. „Jena auf Ziel – JaZ“ - a prospective cohort study aiming to get all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction on EAS/ESC-LDL-C targets. Präsentiert auf der 88. Jahrestagung der DGK, Sitzung: Late Breaking Clinical Trials I; 20.–23. April 2022; Mannheim. Available from: https://dgk.meta-dcr.com/speakers/134944. First citation in articleGoogle ScholarFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 51Issue 4July 2022ISSN: 0301-1526eISSN: 1664-2872 InformationVasa (2022), 51, pp. 193-195 https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a001013.© 2022Hogrefe AGConflict of interestOW reports lecture and consulting fees from AMGEN, Berlin-Chemie, Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Amarin, Sanofi-Aventis, Fresenius, Hexal, Akcea Therapeutics, Daiichi-Sankyo and Pfizer. All other authors report no conflicts of interest in regard to this article.PDF download 

Lipid-lowering therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease - a call for action.

Currently, less than 20% of patients at very high-risk achieve ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guideline-recommended LDL-C target levels in Europe. "Jena auf Ziel-JaZ" is a prospective cohort study in which early combination therapy with atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg was initiated on admission in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and lipid-lowering therapy was escalated during follow-up with bempedoic acid and PCSK9 inhibitors to achieve recommended LDL-C targets in all patients. Moreover, we evaluated side-effects of lipid-lowering therapy.Patients admitted with STEMI at Jena University Hospital were started on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg on admission. Patients were followed for EAS/ESC LDL-C target achievement during follow-up.A total of 85 consecutive patients were enrolled in the study. On discharge, 32.9% achieved LDL-C targets on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe 10 mg. After 4-6 weeks, 80% of all patients on atorvastatin 80 mg and ezetimibe started at the index event were on ESC/EAS LDL-C targets. In 20%, combined lipid-lowering therapy was escalated with either bempedoic acid or PCSK9 inhibitors. All patients achieved LDL-C levels of or below 55 mg/dL during follow-up on triple lipid-lowering therapy. Combined lipid-lowering therapy was well-tolerated with rare side effects.Early combination therapy with a high-intensity statin and ezetimibe and escalation of lipid-lowering therapy with either bempedoic acid or PCSK9 inhibitors gets potentially all patients with STEMI on recommended ESC/EAS LDL-C targets without significant side effects. 

/pdf/intensive-lipid-lowering-therapy-for-early-achievement-of-3pmq2sde.pdf

Intensive lipid-lowering therapy for early achievement of guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (“Jena auf Ziel”)


 
 
 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction is an essential part of the 2019 ESC/EAS dyslipidemia guidelines [1]. Only 18% of patients achieve 2019 ESC/EAS LDL-C target goal in secondary prevention [2]. “Jena auf Ziel – JaZ” (“Jena on target”) is a prospective study that aims at LDL-C target attainment in all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and determination of reasons for failed target attainment.
 
 
 
 All STEMI patients were started on atorvastatin 80 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg on admission. LDL-C levels were monitored during the hospital stay and a 12 months follow-up period. Patients were educated about cardiovascular risk factor optimization. Individual patient cards to document LDL-C levels over time were used to enforce LDL-C target attainment.
 
 
 
 In the first 50 consecutive patients, LDL-C levels were 3.39±1.23 mmol/L on admission, 1.84±0.86 mmol/L on discharge and 1.30±0.65 mmol/L during the first follow-up visit (6–8 weeks). On atorvastatin 80 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg 14 out of 50 patients (28%) reached the LDL-C goal on discharge, 36 out of 50 patients (72%) after 6–8 weeks. After addition of bempedoic acid or PCSK9-inhibitors all patients which were followed up in our lipid clinic reach the EAS/ESC-LDL-C target. Only two patients reported myalgias of which one patient refused to continue with lipid-lowering drugs. One patient had elevated liver enzymes, which resolved after switching to a lower statin dose.
 
 
 
 One out three STEMI patients reached the EAS/ESC-LDL-C target during the initial hospital stay on atorvastatin 80 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg. Adding bempedoic acid or PCSK9 inhibitors resulted in LDL-C target attainment of all patients during follow-up. EAS/ESC-LDL-C target attainment is feasible and well-tolerated in empowered, well-educated patients.
 
 
 
 Type of funding sources: None.


/pdf/jena-auf-ziel-get-all-patients-with-st-elevation-myocardial-2j8occ1y.pdf

Jena auf Ziel: get all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction on EAS/ESC-LDL-C targets

Jena auf Ziel – JaZ” - A prospective cohort study aiming to get all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction on ESC/EAS LDL-C targets

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Intensive lipid-lowering therapy for early achievement of guideline-recommended LDL-cholesterol levels in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (“Jena auf Ziel”)

Jena auf Ziel: get all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction on EAS/ESC-LDL-C targets

Jena auf Ziel – JaZ” - A prospective cohort study aiming to get all patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction on ESC/EAS LDL-C targets