We describe commonly used strategies for the control of charged particle beams and the manipulation of their properties. Emphasis is placed on relativistic beams in linear accelerators and storage rings. After a brief review of linear optics, we discuss basic and advanced beam control techniques, such as transverse and longitudinal lattice diagnostics, matching, orbit correction and steering, beam-based alignment, and linac emittance preservation. A variety of methods for the manipulation of particle beam properties are also presented, for instance, bunch length and energy compression, bunch rotation, changes to the damping partition number, and beam collimation. The dierent procedures are illustrated by examples from various accelerators. Special topics include injection and extraction methods, beam cooling, spin transport and polarization.

/pdf/beam-techniques-beam-control-and-manipulation-5ga5j9mrx0.pdf

Beam Techniques - Beam Control and Manipulation

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) is the first and only high-energy e/sup +/e/sup -/ linear collider in the world. Its most remarkable features are high intensity, submicron sized, polarized (e/sup -/) beams at a single interaction point. The main challenges posed by these unique characteristics include machine-wide emittance preservation, consistent high intensity operation, polarized electron production and transport, and the achievement of a high degree of beam stability on all time scales. In addition to serving as an important machine for the study of Z/sup 0/ boson production and decay using polarized beams, the SLC is also an indispensable source of hands-on experience for future linear colliders. Each new year of operation has been highlighted with a marked improvement in performance. The most significant improvements for the 1994-95 run include new low impedance vacuum chambers for the damping rings, an upgrade to the optics and diagnostics of the final focus systems, and a higher degree of polarization from the electron source. As a result, the average luminosity has nearly doubled over the previous year with peaks approaching 10/sup 30/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ and an 80% electron polarization at the interaction point. These developments as well as the remaining identifiable performance limitations will be discussed.

/pdf/the-stanford-linear-collider-equvnbqxsi.pdf

The Stanford Linear Collider

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) was the first prototype of a new type of accelerator, the electron-positron linear collider. Many years of dedicated effort were required to understand the physics of this new technology and to develop the techniques for maximizing performance. Key issues were emittance dilution, stability, final beam optimization and background control. Precision, non-invasive diagnostics were required to measure and monitor the beams throughout the machine. Beam-based feedback systems were needed to stabilize energy, trajectory, intensity and the final beam size at the interaction point. A variety of new tuning techniques were developed to correct for residual optical or alignment errors. The final focus system underwent a series of refinements in order to deliver sub-micron size beams. It also took many iterations to understand the sources of backgrounds and develop the methods to control them. The benefit from this accumulated experience was seen in the performance of the SLC during its final run in 1997-98. The luminosity increased by a factor of three to 3*10**30 and the 350,000 Z data sample delivered was nearly double that from all previous runs combined.

SLC Final Performance and Lessons

The Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) was the first prototype of a new type of accelerator, the electron-positron linear collider. Many years of dedicated effort were required to understand the physics of this new technology and to develop the techniques for maximizing performance. Key issues were emittance dilution, stability, final beam optimization and background control. Precision, non-invasive diagnostics were required to measure and monitor the beams throughout the machine. Beam-based feedback systems were needed to stabilize energy, trajectory, intensity and the final beam size at the interaction point. variety of new tuning techniques were developed to correct for residual optical or alignment errors. The final focus system underwent a series of refinements in order to deliver sub-micron size beams. It also took many iterations to understand the sources of backgrounds and develop the methods to control them. The benefit from this accumulated experience was seen in the performance of the SLC during its final run in 1997-98. The luminosity increased by a factor of three to 3*10 30 and the 350,000 Z data sample delivered was nearly double that from all previous runs combined.

/pdf/slc-final-performance-and-lessons-3qyfnoi53y.pdf

SLC final performance and lessons

Experimental results of the instability studies are being reported. The system built gives a BPM-derived single bunch 'instability signal". The signal was recorded simultaneously with the longitudinal density bunch profiles obtained from the synchroton light with the high resolution Hamamatsu streak camera. Correlation of the instability signal with the streak camera profiles has been found. For the strongly developed instability state the dominant mode structure was obtained.

/pdf/sawtooth-instability-studies-in-the-stanford-linear-collider-vzkria60z7.pdf

Sawtooth instability studies in the Stanford Linear Collider damping rings

New low-impedance vacuum chambers were installed in the SLC damping rings for the 1994 run after finding a single bunch instability with the old chamber. Although the threshold is lower with the new vacuum chamber, the instability is less severe, and we are now routinely operating at intensities of 4.5/spl times/10/sup 10/ particles per bunch (ppb) compared to 3/spl times/10/sup 10/ ppb in 1993. The vacuum chamber upgrade is described, and measurements of the bunch length, energy spread, and frequency and time domain signatures of the instability are presented.

/pdf/high-intensity-single-bunch-instability-behavior-in-the-new-2ki9nj0w2p.pdf

High-intensity single bunch instability behavior in the new SLC damping ring vacuum chamber

We report various accelerator physics studies and improvements from the 1997/98 run at the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC). In particular, we discuss damping-ring lattice diagnostics, changes to the linac set up, fast control for linac rf phase stability, new emittance tuning strategies, wakefield reduction, modifications of the final-focus optics, longitudinal bunch shaping, and a novel spot-size control at the interaction point (IP). 1 DAMPING-RING LATTICE DIAGNOSTICS In 1997 the South Damping Ring (SDR) optics was characterized by an analysis of the measured orbit response matrix with the program LOCO [1]. LOCO varies the individual gradients of the quadrupoles in a computer model (such as MAD [2]) to find the gradients that best reproduce the measured orbit response data. Figure 1 compares the design optics for the SDR with the optics derived from a first statistical fit to the measured response matrices. The agreement was poor, and the 2 per degree of freedom was about 100. This plus the extreme variations in the fit model optics indicated some large systematic error. Subsequent inspection of the ring showed that the longitudinal locations of many beam-position monitors (BPMs) were not correct in the model. Once the model was updated, the LOCO calculation gave the more reasonable optics shown in Fig. 2 (left). The convergence of model-based ring orbit correction also improved.

/pdf/accelerator-physics-highlights-in-the-1997-98-slc-run-4poiz9rhpw.pdf

Accelerator physics highlights in the 1997/98 slc run

The longitudinal microwave instability is present in the SCL damping rings during routine operations. Experimental studies of the instability at nominal conditions have been reported previously. To complement those studies and better understand the properties of the instability a series of dedicated experiments were performed under a broad range of operating parameters. These experiments included spectral measurements of BPM signals as well as time domain diagnostics using a custom detecting circuit. This paper describes the techniques, the results and discuses possible interpretations of these measurements.

/pdf/signals-from-microwave-unstable-beams-in-the-slc-damping-5cm9w3zllu.pdf

Signals from microwave unstable beams in the SLC damping rings

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High-intensity single bunch instability behavior in the new SLC damping ring vacuum chamber

Sawtooth instability studies in the Stanford Linear Collider damping rings

Accelerator physics highlights in the 1997/98 slc run

Signals from microwave unstable beams in the SLC damping rings