Composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray primaries in the energy range 1013–1015 eV/particle observed by Japanese–Russian joint balloon experiment

Nine nuclear interactions, observed in a stack of nuclear emulsions, are analyzed in the center-of-mass system. The angular distribution of secondary particles is isotropic for primary energy, E p , up to several tens of GeV. The distribution shows an appreciable forward-backward collimation for E p ≃200 GeV. The average energy of a produced pion is 0.48 GeV. The number of pions at the total energy less than 0.21 GeV is fairly small. The energy spectrum can be represented by a power law with exponent -2 for the middle region of pion energy. An inspection of experimental results so far published shows that the corresponding exponent for \(E_{p}{\gtrsim}1400\) GeV is -1. The mechanism of multiple production probably changes between 200 and 1400 GeV, and does not differ markedly from severel GeV to 200 GeV.

Nucleon-Nucleon Interactions of Energy around 100 Gev

Astrophysical (in particular, radioastronomical) data are utilized, in conjunction with observations on the cosmic rays near the earth, in a study of the origin of cosmic radiation. The chemical and spectral composition of the cosmic radiation near earth is described. The lifetimes, motions, acceleration, and other properties of galactic and metagalactic cosmic radiation are studied. A bibliography containing 215 references is included. (T.F.H.)

/pdf/origin-of-cosmic-rays-41kwhfmgp1.pdf

Origin of Cosmic Rays

Numerical tables of relations frequently used in nuclear emulsion work

Nuclear interactions produced by protons of energy 6.2 GeV in nuclear emulsions have been analysed to deduce information regarding some of the characteristics of proton-nucleon collisions. 703 disintegrations have been obtained by « along the track » scanning. Accurate measurements of multiple scattering and of grain density have been made on favourable tracks of relativistic secondary particles; using these measurements it has been possible to identify the particles up to the highest energies involved. It is found from this investigation that in collisions of protons of energy 6.2 GeV with nucleons:a) the mean charged pion multiplicity is 1.51±0.18;b) the mean inelasticity is 0.43, and is, within errors, independent of the total multiplicityns;c) the nucleons recoiling in the C.M. system are very strongly collimated symmetrically in the forward and backward directions;d) the mesons created in the collision also show an appreciable amount of forward-backward collimation in the C.M. system.

Some characteristics of inelastic proton-nucleon collisions produced by protons of energy 6.2 GeV in nuclear emulsions

Small local dislocations in processed emulsions give rise to spurious scattering whose effect on tracks is indistinguishable from the multiple scattering produced by coulomb interaction. Because of this effect the atomic number of fast primary cosmic ray nuclei will be underestimated in more than 50% of the cases in experiments where multiple scattering of tracks and ionization measurements are employed for charge determination. The spurious scattering was investigated by measuring the track contours of 100 very long tracks due to energetic primary particles; the effect was present in comparable strength in all plates and all types of emulsions which have been investigated. It is too small to affect measurements on medium energy particle tracks (protons with energy below 600 MeV and heavy nuclei with energy below 300 MeV/ nucleon). It dominates, however, other sources or error and noise for tracks of energetic particles although it does not preclude occasional observations of very low scattering values. New methods for measuring various forms of noise have also been developed in the course of this work and the noise level for scattering measurements has been reduced below previously accepted values. Spurious scattering is presumably largely responsible for the discrepancies which appear when one compares the primary charge and energy spectra derived from experiments involving scattering measurements with the corresponding spectra derived from numerous other experiments which employ different techniques. If the experiments based on scattering measurements are omitted, the remaining evidence strongly favours a spectrum in which the energy per nucleon is nearly independent of atomic number for all primaries. It also favours a charge distribution which has a pronounced minimum for charges 3≤ Z≤ 5 and, therefore, yields a fairly low upper limit for the amount of interstellar matter traversed by primary cosmic ray nuclei.

Scattering measurements in nuclear emulsions and their application to measuring the charge of primary cosmic ray nuclei

A new method is developed for determining the mass of particles coming to rest in nuclear emulsions. Multiple coulomb scattering is measured with cells whose lengths vary along the trajectory in such a manner as to compensate for the momentum loss of the particle and keep the mean deviation between adjacent cells constant over the entire track. It is shown that this procedure is more convenient and inherently more accurate than that based on scattering measurements with constant cellsize. The method has been applied toK-mesons which at the end of their range either decay into a single charged relativistic particle (K
 +-mesons) or into 3π-mesons (τ-mesons) or give rise to capture stars (K
 −-mesons). The results are within experimental error consistent with the assumption that the mass of these three classes of particles are identical and equal to the well established mass of theτ-mesons. The average mass of a group of 9 longK-mesons determined with our scattering procedure is M
 K
 =974±42m
 e
 .

An improved method for determining the mass of particles from scattering versus range and its application to the mass of K-mesons

In the s tudy of part icle t racks in Emuls ion Block Detectors one can frequent ly observe appreciable length of t r a jec to ry even for those t racks which t raverse individual emulsion sheets with a large dip angle. The cus tomary methods for deducing the mass of such particles f rom mult iple Coulomb scattering and range or f rom mult iple Coulomb scat ter ing and grain densi ty give very unreliable results. The failure of obtaining accurate mass values with these methods is due to the small distortions which are introduced into the emulsions during processing. We will show in this paper tha t the effect of such distortions can be complete ly el iminated if ins tead of deducing the Coulomb scat ter ing f rom second co-ordinate differences one makes use of th i rd or higher order differences. In a small sample of pro ton t racks with dip angles between 32 ~ and 520 good mass determinat ions have been made.

Mass determination on steeply dipping tracks in Emulsion Block Detectors

The range-energy relation in nuclear emulsions

Observations on K-mesons and hyperons

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