The global lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) market has grown substantially, particularly in the automotive, smartphone, and aerospace sectors. This expansion aims to significantly reduce the environmental carbon footprint caused by human activities. However, the development of lithium-ion batteries has been accompanied by extensive research focused on enhancing thermal performance and ensuring safe operation under various conditions. Consequently, a significant number of researchers in this field are dedicated to achieving precise temperature control in LIBs as a long-term objective. Yet, to accurately define and quantify uniform or non-uniform temperature distribution within LIBs, it is imperative to create and assess coupled electrochemical-thermal models of the battery cells. These models must effectively integrate both temperature-related aspects. In this study, we offer a comprehensive overview of electrochemical modeling in LIBs, including an in-depth description of the governing electrochemical model that dictates the internal reactions of the batteries. Furthermore, we summarize critical thermal models for LIBs and their applicability in analyses spanning zero, one, two, and three dimensions. The battery thermal energy balance, Lumped Battery Analysis, and Simplified Heat Generation models are thoroughly examined. Moreover, we delve into the methodologies employed during the construction of these models and the intricate process of coupling electrochemical and thermal models to attain precise temperature predictions and management for LIB applications. This comprehensive approach enhances our understanding of the pivotal link between lithium-ion batteries' thermal and electrochemical behaviors, enabling the quantification and prediction of safer operational parameters for these systems. 

Electrochemical and thermal modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review of coupled approaches for improved thermal performance and safety lithium-ion batteries

Adhesive bonding represents a widely established manufacturing process, which offers many advantages such as joining of different materials while resulting in a more advantageous stress distributio...

Effects of Curie particle induced accelerated curing on thermo-mechanical performance of 2K structural adhesives – Part II: Lap shear properties

Accelerating the polymerisation of adhesives has been a long-established field of research in context of adhesive bonding technology as long curing times – sometimes up to days – represent a decisi...

Curie-supported accelerated curing by means of inductive heating – Part I: Model building

Laser surface texturing is generally a promising approach to enhance the adhesion property of a metal-thermoplastic hybrid structure, and the effect is related to groove configuration. Laser joining of a carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) composite to a 6061 Al alloy under various groove configurations was carried out, aimed to investigate the effect of groove width and depth on interfacial morphology, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of CFRTP/Al joints. Tensile shear force was tested, and fracture surface and interface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Besides, the numerical simulation of the temperature field was conducted to reveal the joining mechanism. The results indicate that the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint gradually increases with the increase of groove width and reaches a peak value of 22.8 MPa when the width is 0.5 mm. As the groove width is further increased, the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint decreases. Compared to groove width, the tensile shear strength of the CFRTP/Al joint presents a similar variation trend with the increasing groove depth on the Al alloy surface. When the groove depth reaches 0.6 mm, the maximum joint strength is 24.33 MPa. After the Al alloy is laser-textured, the surface fracture mode of the CFRTP/Al laser joint features a mixed fracture mode including a cohesive fracture and an interface fracture. This study provides a deeper understanding of the effect of groove configuration on the laser joining of the CFRTP/Al hybrid structure and potentially lays a foundation for the adjustment of a suitable groove configuration toward obtaining the desired effect. 

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1622558/latest.pdf

Effect of groove configuration on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of 6061 Al alloy and CFRTP laser joint

The polymeric adhesive used for the bonding of thermoplastic and thermoset composites forms an insulating layer which causes a real problem for lightning strike protection. In order to make that interlayer electrically conductive, we studied a new group of electrically conductive adhesives based on hot melt copolyamides and multi-walled carbon nanotubes fabricated by the extrusion method. The purpose of this work was to test four types of hot melts to determine the effect of their viscosity on the dispersion of 7 wt % multi-walled carbon nanotubes and electrical conductivity. It was found that the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, understood as the amount of the agglomerates in the copolyamide matrix, is not dependent on the level of the viscosity of the polymer. However, the electrical conductivity, analyzed by four-probe method and dielectric spectroscopy, increases when the number of carbon nanotube agglomerates decreases, with the highest value achieved being 0.67 S/m. The inclusion of 7 wt % multi-walled carbon nanotubes into each copolyamide improved their thermal stability and changed their melting points by only a few degrees. The addition of carbon nanotubes makes the adhesive’s surface more hydrophilic or hydrophobic depending on the type of copolyamide used.

/pdf/relationship-between-viscosity-microstructure-and-electrical-bvp7jhv6ru.pdf

Relationship between Viscosity, Microstructure and Electrical Conductivity in Copolyamide Hot Melt Adhesives Containing Carbon Nanotubes.

Induction heating of thermoplastic composites is a suitable and promising technique, due to the very short heating time and the possibility of generating the heat at the interface between the adherends compared with other heating technologies, i.e. owen heating or hot melt gun manual deposition. The aim of this work is to study the electromagnetic induction heating in adhesive bonding of thermoplastic matrix composite materials, when a hot-melt thermoplastic adhesive, Prodas, is used. A numerical model for studying the effect of the process parameters, such as current intensity, maximum temperature and holding time at maximum temperature, has been developed. Experimental tests validated the results of the numerical model; also, the mechanical properties of the adhesive joints were evaluated by short beam shear test and single lap shear tests to define the values of technological parameters allowing for the better joint strength. Moreover, ANOVA analysis was employed to evaluate the most significant parameter which affected the mechanical properties, highlighting the optimum process parameters.

Electromagnetic heating for adhesive melting in CFRTP joining: study, analysis, and testing

Ultrasonic welding (UW) is a well-established technique for joining thermoplastic composites and has recently been utilized in the aerospace and automotive industries. In the case of thermoset composites (TSCs), a polymer-based material placed at the welding interface called an energy director (ED) is required. The choice of the coupling layer material is linked to several requirements, such as processing temperature, high adhesion to the thermoset composites (TSCs) adherend and mechanical strength of the resulting welded joints. In this work, the authors investigated the possibility of using Poly-vinyl-butyral (PVB) reinforced with graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) as a coupling layer in the UW of TSC adherents. The effect of GNPs aspect ratio and content on the weldability of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) has been investigated. PVB/GNPs nanocomposites with different filler contents (from 0.5 wt% to 2 wt%) and different aspect ratios (100 and 2100) have been fabricated. The influence of the viscoelastic properties of the flat EDs on weldability has been assessed. Finally, an improvement of lap shear strength (LSS) of 80% was found for nanocomposites with 0.5 wt% of high-aspect-ratio GNPs with respect to neat PVB. The use of high damping nanocomposites as coupling materials for TSCs paves the way for a new generation of EDs in UW.

/pdf/pvb-nanocomposites-as-energy-directors-in-ultrasonic-welding-1uwswbqz.pdf

PVB Nanocomposites as Energy Directors in Ultrasonic Welding of Epoxy Composites

In the present work, a commercial epoxy based on epoxy anhydride and tertiary amine was modified by a metallic catalyst (Zn2+) to induce vitrimeric behavior by promoting the transesterification reaction. The effect of two different epoxy/acid ratios (1 and 0.6) at two different zinc acetate amounts (Zn(Ac)2) on the thermomechanical and viscoelastic performances of the epoxy vitrimers were investigated. Creep experiments showed an increase in molecular mobility above the critical “Vitrimeric” temperature (Tv) of 170 °C proportionally to the amount of Zn(Ac)2. A procedure based on Burger’s model was set up to investigate the effect of catalyst content on the vitrimer ability to flow as the effect of the dynamic exchange reaction. The analysis showed that in the case of a balanced epoxy/acid formulation, the amount of catalyst needed for promoting molecular mobility is 5%. This system showed a value of elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity at 170 °C of 9.50 MPa and 2.23 GPas, respectively. The material was easily thermoformed in compression molding, paving the way for the recyclability and weldability of the thermoset system.

Influence of Catalyst Content and Epoxy/Carboxylate Ratio on Isothermal Creep of Epoxy Vitrimers

The use of interleaving material with viscoelastic properties is one of the most effective solutions to improve the damping capacity of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. Improving composite damping without threatening mechanical performance is challenging and the use of nanomaterials should lead to the target. In this paper, the effect of a nanostructured interlayer based on graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the damping capacity and fracture toughness of CFRP laminates has been investigated. High-content GNP/epoxy (70 wt/30 wt) coating was sprayed on the surface of CF/epoxy prepregs at two different contents (10 and 40 g/m2) and incorporated at the middle plane of a CFRP laminate. The effect of the GNP areal weights on the viscoelastic and mechanical behaviour of the laminates is investigated. Coupons with low GNP content showed a 25% increase in damping capacity with a trivial reduction in the storage modulus. Moreover, a reduction in interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and fracture toughness (both mode I and mode II) was observed. The GNP alignment and degree of compaction reached during the process were found to be key parameters on material performances. By increasing the GNP content and compaction, a mitigation on the fracture drop was achieved (−15%).

/pdf/mechanical-and-viscoelastic-properties-of-carbon-fibre-epoxy-1ehdmxi3.pdf

Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Carbon Fibre Epoxy Composites with Interleaved Graphite Nanoplatelet Layer

Flash Sintering in Metallic Ceramics: Finite Element Analysis of Thermal Runaway in Tungsten Carbide Green Bodies

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