Femtosecond filamentation in transparent media

We review the properties and applications of ultrashort laser pulses in the atmosphere, with a particular focus on filamentation. Filamentation is a non-linear propagation regime specific of ultrashort and ultraintense laser pulses in the atmosphere. Typical applications include remote sensing of atmospheric gases and aerosols, lightning control, laser-induced spectroscopy, coherent anti-stokes Raman scattering, and the generation of sub-THz radiation.

/pdf/physics-and-applications-of-atmospheric-nonlinear-optics-and-14u0tznyf8.pdf

Physics and applications of atmospheric nonlinear optics and filamentation

The QCD vacuum shows the dynamical breaking of chiral symmetry In the hot and/or dense QCD medium, the chiral order parameter such as is expected to change as a function of temperature T and density {rho} of the medium, and its experimental detection is one of the main challenges in modern hadron physics In this paper, the theoretical expectations for the in-medium hadron spectra associated with partial restoration of chiral symmetry are discussed as well as the current status of experiments with an emphasis on the measurements of properties of mesons produced in near-ground-state nuclei

Hadron properties in the nuclear medium

Invariant mass spectra of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ pairs have been measured in 12 GeV $p+A$ reactions to detect possible in-medium modification of vector mesons. Copper and carbon targets are used to study the nuclear-size dependence of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ invariant mass distributions. A significant excess on the low-mass side of the $\ensuremath{\phi}$ meson peak is observed in the low $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}(=\ensuremath{\beta}/\sqrt{1\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{2}})$ region of $\ensuremath{\phi}$ mesons ($\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}l1.25$) with copper targets. However, in the high $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ region ($\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\gamma}g1.25$), spectral shapes of $\ensuremath{\phi}$ mesons are well described by the Breit-Wigner shape when experimental effects are considered. Thus, in addition to our earlier publications on $\ensuremath{\rho}/\ensuremath{\omega}$ modification, this study has experimentally verified vector meson mass modification at normal nuclear density.

/pdf/evidence-for-in-medium-modification-of-the-phi-meson-at-1v8armf3vn.pdf

Evidence for in-medium modification of the phi meson at normal nuclear density.

Propagation of twin laser pulses in air and concatenation of plasma strings produced by femtosecond infrared filaments

In this paper, we present an overview of the capabilities of linear and non-linear spectroscopy for the 3D-analysis of gaseous pollutants and aerosols in the atmosphere. The basic technique is Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging). Results obtained in Sevilla and Lyon about the ozone smog formation and the dynamics of the transport of dust particles are presented. Finally, non-linear Mie scattering on atmospheric aerosols has been demonstrated in the laboratory, opening new perspectives for remote sensing.

Laser applications for atmospheric pollution monitoring

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Laser applications for atmospheric pollution monitoring