Mulberry (Morus L.) is essential for the sericulture industry as the primary feed for the silkworm Bombyx mori L. in India, with its long tradition of practicing sericulture, has a large number of indigenous cultivars. Since knowledge on the genetic divergence of these cultivars/varieties is essential for proper conservation and utilization, Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) profiling was employed to assess genetic relationships among 34 mulberry accessions, collected from different regions of India. By using 12 ISSR primers, which produced 72 markers displaying a high degree of polymorphism (94.4%), genetic dissimilarity coefficients were calculated for each pair of the accessions and clustering of the accessions with Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic average (UPGMA) analysis was done to unravel the genetic diversity among the accessions. The dissimilarity coefficients varied from 0.111 to 0.692. UPGMA analysis generated a dendrogram with six groups and five isolates. Clustering of the accessions did not correspond with the information on the geographic origin of many of the accessions. Two-dimensional representations of the relative positions of the accessions with regards to divergence using the first two canonical variates as co-ordinate axes revealed considerable variability among the cases in each group. Further, Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) showed changes in the geographic origin of 11 accessions and species status of 20 accessions.

Molecular characterization of mulberry genetic resources indigenous to India

Phenotypic and chemical variation of black mulberry (Morus nigra) genotypes

Micromorphological and anatomical traits in relation to physiological characteristics were studied in the leaves of 4 mulberry (Morus sp.) cultivars (V1, TR10, S34, and Mysore local) by scanning electron microscope. The results revealed that leaf thickness was lowest (124.42 ± 2.21 µm) in the TR10 genotype and highest in V1 (263.77 ± 5.17 µm). Cultivar S34 ranked second in respect to leaf thickness (203.57 ± 1.98 µm), followed by Mysore local (127.94 ± 2.19 µm). The thickness of palisade parenchyma was 143.66 ± 2.42 µm in V1, 64.95 ± 1.60 µm in TR10, 83.92 ± 1.43 µm in S34, and 62.69 ± 1.36 µm in Mysore local. The ratio for the character of palisade parenchyma thickness among the cultivars was 2.30:1.34:1.04:1 for V1, S34, TR10, and Mysore local, respectively; differences among the 4 mulberry cultivars studied were significant. The thickness of spongy parenchyma differed significantly among the 4 mulberry cultivars studied, and the greatest thickness recorded was 72.61 ± 1.48 µm in S34; it was lowest (34.04 ± 1.03 µm) in TR10. The values of spongy parenchyma thickness were more than double in V1 and S34 when compared to TR10. The experimental data revealed a maximum photosynthetic rate of 27.39 ± 0.65 µmol m-2 s-1 in V1 followed by 24.66 ± 1.33, 19.76 ± 0.81, and 17.02 ± 0.71 µmol m-2 s-1 in TR10, S34, and Mysore local, respectively, and differences among the genotypes were statistically significant. Similarly, leaf pigment content (SCMR values) also exhibited significant intergenotypic differences, ranging from 35.23 (Mysore local) to 42.13 (V1) and correlating positively with chlorophyllous palisade tissue in the mesophyll and photosynthetic rates. Ultimately, this manifested in leaf yields.

https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/issues/bot-12-36-6/bot-36-6-8-1003-48.pdf

Leaf and anatomical traits in relation to physiological characteristics in mulberry (Morus sp.) cultivars

Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that reduce agricultural productivity. The levels of salt concentration that are inimical to plant growth have already affected more than one-third of the irrigated land in the world. In order to utilize the vast saline costal lands present in sericulturally important countries in Asia, attempts have been made to develop salt resistant varieties in mulberry. Controlled crosses were made between salt resistant parents that were identified through both in vitro and in vivo screening. Ripened fruits were harvested, and the seeds extracted were germinated on agar-agar containing MS basal medium with 1.25% NaCl. Young seedlings were rescued and nurtured under normal growth conditions. Mature seedlings were transferred to field. Based on comparative performance on survival and growth under salinity, three hybrids namely SR1, SR2 and SR3 were selected and were subjected to detailed investigation using C776 as control. SR3 outperformed other hybrids and the control, hence, was selected for large scale field testing. The encouraging results have tremendous implications on expanding sericulture industry into the costal saline areas in tropical and subtropical regions in Asia.

Breeding for salinity resistance in mulberry (Morus spp.)

Genetic diversity among plants sprouted from seven year old clones of mulberry (Morus indica var. S36) was studied using molecular markers such as ISSR and RAPD. The clones showed significant variability in sex expression and the sprouting behavior. These changes were appeared after seven years of rigorous pruning and training (pruned once in every 3-4months). Genetic diversity analysis revealed significant DNA polymorphism differences among these clones. Through multiple regression analysis, four DNA markers associated with specific traits were identified. Cloning, sequencing and bioinformatics analyses suggested probable involvement of transposable elements along with enzymes and transcriptional regulating factors. The results of this preliminary report call for detailed analyses at biochemical, physiological and molecular levels coupled with inheritance pattern of these markers and their corresponding phenotypic traits. The markers identified for sprouting and sex expression are of much use in early identification of hybrids with the respective traits.

https://cjes.guilan.ac.ir/article_1019_ec7d7c120643f4ec6e17273f5bbc5517.pdf

Diversification of mulberry (Morus indica var. S36), a vegetatively propagated tree species

Sex expression in mulberry (Morus spp.) was recorded in 301 varieties, collected from diverse geographical origins, evolved varieties and polyploids maintained at Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore, West Bengal. India (24°6'N and 88°15'E) during 1991–93. Out of total varieties, 49 (16%) male, 161 (53%) female, 52 (17%) monoecious and 39 (13%) were bisexual. Parameters on flowering time, anthesis, floral characters, sex expression and sex reversal were recorded. The indigenous, evolved and polyploids showed early flowering (Jan–Feb) and exotic showed late flowering (Jan–April). The pollen grain viability, seed setting % and other floral behaviour were recorded.

Studies on sexual variation in mulberry ( Morus spp.)

Correlation coefficients and path coeffiCients were calculated for leaf yield and its twelve components from 23 genotypes comprising 8 parental and 15 selected F1 hybrids in mulberry (Morus spp.). Leaf yield is found to have higher positive correlation with laminar index (w.t.), weight of 100 dry leaves, number of branches per plant, internodal distance, annual aerial biomass, stem weight, number of leaves per branch and secondary branches per plant. Path analysis revealed that internodal distance, annual aerial biomass, stem weight, number of leaves per branch, number of primary branches had strong direct effect on leaf yield.

Correlation studies in mulberry (Morus spp.)

Des experiences realisees sur la propagation de varietes de murier diploides, triploides et tetraploides revelent que le pourcentage de survie est maximale (71,81) chez les triploides, devant les diploides (66, 67) et les tetraploides (59,17). Le rapport racines/pousses (en longueur) est maximal chez les triploides (0,92), devant les tetraploides (0, 73) et les diploides (0,67). Cependant, le rapport racines/pousses sur la base du poids sec est maximal chez les tetraploides (0, 58), devant les triploides (0,53) et les diploides (0,20).

Studies on propagation efficiency of mulberry (Morus spp.) at ploidy level

On a etudie la receptivite des stigmates de murier (Morus) chez deux parents femelles, Kanva-2 et MIHP, et un parent mâle, S162. Le stigmate est receptif entre le 4e et le 16e jour chez MIHP et entre le 4e et le 20e jour chez Kanva-2. Le pourcentage de graines obtenu en pollinisation ouverte est superieur a celui obtenu chez les croisements controles. La pollinisation unique est tout a fait efficace et entraine une bonne production de grains si elle est effectuee au moment approprie. On observe une correlation positive de 0, 79 entre le poids d'une sorose et le nombre de graines par sorose.

Studies on stigma receptivity in mulberry (Morus spp.)

Nous avons entrepris des recherches au Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore, Inde, sur la propagation d'une variete japonaise de murier, Kosen (Morus latifolia Pair), en effectuant des baguages et en les comparant avec des boutures non baguees. Nous avons enregistre le taux de survie au bout de 90 jours. Le taux de survie maximum est celui des boutures baguees (R1-R6), qui est compris entre 24 et 88 % et le minimum celui des boutures non baguees (C1-C6), compris entre 4 et 32 %. On enregistre les teneurs maximales en azote, proteines et hydrates de carbone chez les boutures baguees. L'analyse de variance de tous les parametres est significative a P < 0.01.

Effect of ringing on the propagation of mulberry cuttings

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