Amine oxides are amine-based surfactants, represent one of the smaller classes of surfactants as compared to alcohol ethoxylates and sulfonated and sulfated anionic surfactants. However, the uniqueness of the hydrophile in such surfactants provides specific properties that are difficult, if not impossible, to replicate by the use of classic nonionic and anionic surfactants. The aim of the present paper is to survey the most important developments and understandings of the chemistry of amine oxide production, it’s physico-chemical studies, applications and environmental properties.

Amine Oxides: A Review

Influence of magnesium source on the crystallization behaviors of magnesium hydroxide

A predictive, molecular-thermodynamic theory is developed to model the micellization of pH-sensitive surfactants. The theory combines a molecular-thermodynamic description of micellization in binary surfactant mixtures with the protonation equilibrium of the surfactant monomers. The thermodynamic component of the theory models the pH-mediated equilibrium between micelles, surfactant monomers, and counterions. These counterions may originate from the surfactant or from added salt, acid, or base. The molecular component of the theory models the various contributions to the free energy of micellization, which corresponds to the free-energy change associated with forming a mixed micelle from the protonated and deprotonated forms of the surfactant and from the bound counterions. The free energy of micellization includes hydrophobic, interfacial, packing, steric, electrostatic, and entropic contributions, which are all calculated molecularly. The theory also requires knowledge of the surfactant molecular struct...

Molecular-Thermodynamic Theory of Micellization of pH-Sensitive Surfactants

Phenomenological approaches in the thermodynamics of mixed micelles with electric charges

We present a thermodynamic theory to model the hydrogen-ion titration of mixed micelles containing a pH-sensitive surfactant and any number of conventional (pH-insensitive) surfactants. In particular, a simple expression is derived for the pKm, a parameter analogous to the pKa of simple acids, which describes the deprotonation equilibrium of the micellized pH-sensitive surfactant. The pseudophase approximation and regular solution theory (RST) are used to relate the pKm to (1) the pKa of the surfactant monomers, (2) the critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) of the protonated and deprotonated forms of the pH-sensitive surfactant, (3) the composition of the mixed micelle, and (4) parameters characterizing pairwise interactions between the surfactant molecules in the mixed micelle. Micellar titrations can be used to determine the magnitude of these interaction parameters. Conversely, knowledge of the cmc's and the interaction parameters allows the prediction of the pKm, which can then be used to calculate the micelle composition and surface charge as a function of solution pH. In addition, we have found that, in the context of RST, multicomponent surfactant mixtures are equivalent to a binary surfactant mixture of the pH-sensitive surfactant and a single effective surfactant whose interactions with the pH-sensitive surfactant are an average of those in the multicomponent surfactant mixture. We also discuss the experimental uncertainty in the pKm measurements. To account for the increased uncertainty in the pKm data at extreme micelle compositions, a weighted regression is proposed for the analysis of experimental titration data characterized by widely varying uncertainties. The theory presented here is validated using micellar titration data from the literature for several pH-sensitive surfactants in solutions containing 0.1 M salt. In most cases, the parameters extracted from an analysis of the titration data agree with the cmc and interaction parameters obtained by other means. One notable exception is the surfactant tetradecyldimethylamine oxide (C14DAO), which appears to have concentration-dependent interactions due to extensive growth of cylindrical micelles. Micellar titrations were also conducted on binary surfactant mixtures containing the pH-sensitive surfactant dodecyldimethylamine oxide (C12DAO) and either the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C12TAB) or the nonionic surfactant dodecyl octa(ethylene oxide) (C12E8). The theory provides a reasonable description of the experimental titration data at all surfactant mixing ratios, although a larger discrepancy is found in the C12DAO/C12E8 system, in which C12E8 interacts preferentially with the protonated, cationic form of C12DAO. Interestingly, C12TAB was also observed to interact preferentially with the protonated, cationic form of C12DAO, although the preference is much weaker than that in the C12DAO/C12E8 system.

Titration of mixed micelles containing a pH-sensitive surfactant and conventional (pH-Insensitive) surfactants: a regular solution theory modeling approach.

The literature data bear witness to strong synergistic effects in mixed aqueous solutions of alkylamine oxides and alkyl sulfates. Physicochemical properties of these systems depend essentially on ...

Phase Boundaries for Mixed Aqueous Micellar Solutions of Dimethyldodecylamine Oxide and Sodium or Magnesium Dodecyl Sulfate with Regard to Chemical Processes in the Systems

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Phase Boundaries for Mixed Aqueous Micellar Solutions of Dimethyldodecylamine Oxide and Sodium or Magnesium Dodecyl Sulfate with Regard to Chemical Processes in the Systems