The fine chemicals and pharmaceutical industries are transforming how their products are manufactured, where economically favorable, from traditional batchwise processes to continuous flow. This evolution is impacting synthetic chemistry on all scales-from the laboratory to full production. This Review discusses the relative merits of batch and micro flow reactors for performing synthetic chemistry in the laboratory.

Deciding whether to go with the flow: evaluating the merits of flow reactors for synthesis.

Translational motion in solution, either diffusion or fluid flow, is at the heart of chemical and biochemical reactivity. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides a powerful non-invasive technique for studying the phenomena using magnetic field gradient methods. Describing the physical basis of measurement techniques, with particular emphasis on diffusion, balancing theory with experimental observations and assuming little mathematical knowledge, this is a strong, yet accessible, introduction to the field. A detailed discussion of magnetic field gradient methods applied to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is included, alongside extensive referencing throughout, providing a timely, definitive book to the subject, ideal for researchers in the fields of physics, chemistry and biology.

/pdf/nmr-studies-of-translational-motion-1y45lcz4az.pdf

NMR Studies of Translational Motion

A review of non-invasive imaging methods and applications in contaminant hydrogeology research

Magnetic resonance measurements of the transition from normal to anomalous hydrodynamic dispersion in porous media due to biological activity are presented. Fractional advection-diffusion equations are shown to provide models for the measured impact of biofilm growth on porous media transport dynamics.

/pdf/anomalous-fluid-transport-in-porous-media-induced-by-biofilm-1zo2kjexu2.pdf

Anomalous fluid transport in porous media induced by biofilm growth.

Publisher Summary This chapter concentrates on characterization of the actual pore space, and transport within the pore space, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods. NMR studies of adsorbates that specifically give information on the pore space are considered. Some information obtained on porous media from conventional NMR spectroscopy is also discussed. The chapter discusses the technique of relaxation time measurements that have been widely used to characterize porous solids. It discusses the pulsed field gradient (PFG) methods used to probe the local structure of the pore space and to characterize transport within it. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that are also used to characterize the pore space and to measure transport and applications are also discussed. The chapter is concerned with mesoporous and macroporous materials, as it is for these systems that NMR is particularly useful in characterizing the pore space. Some applications of NMR techniques to probe the pore space and transport within microporous materials are mentioned.

Characterization of porous media using NMR methods

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Pulsed Gradient Stimulated Echo (PGSTE) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments have been used to probe structure and dispersion in a model porous system formed from a packed bed of spherical particles. The structure of the pore space is characterized from the MRI images by determining radial distribution functions for the pore space. The PGSTE experiments yield an average displacement propagator from which the variance of the average molecular displacement and dispersion coefficient are determined at a range of times over which the flow develops. Experiments have been performed over a wide range of Peclet number and flow velocity. The behavior of the dispersion is shown to be closely related to the structure of the pore space. Dispersion transverse to the direction of superficial flow is dominated by Taylor dispersion. In the axial direction, non-Fickian effects become important, even for flow within a single pore. The axial dispersion coefficient approaches an a...

Correlations between dispersion and structure in porous media probed by nuclear magnetic resonance

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Correlations between dispersion and structure in porous media probed by nuclear magnetic resonance