https://www.perinatology.theclinics.com/article/S0095-5108(11)00058-3/pdf

The Contribution of Maternal Stress to Preterm Birth: Issues and Considerations

Control of antifetal immune responses is thought to be regulated locally by the placenta. Because the physiologic programming of the placenta across gestation is likely to influence the local immunity, we hypothesize that a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-10 may be produced in a gestational age-dependent manner. In the present study, we examined the expression of IL-10 and its receptor in placental explants or freshly isolated cytotrophoblasts from different gestational ages and compared it with the expression profiles of other cytokines. First and second trimester placental tissues from normal pregnancies predominantly expressed IL-10, whereas the levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-gamma were mostly below detection throughout pregnancy. The expression of IL-10, but not its receptor, diminished significantly in term placental tissues collected "before" the onset of labor and did not change appreciably "after" labor. On the other hand, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were significantly up-regulated in response to labor-associated conditions. IL-10 expression was transcriptionally attenuated at term as observed in cytotrophoblasts. In contrast to the placental cytokine milieu, autologous PBMCs, when activated with PHA, secreted significant amounts of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma, albeit with a statistically significantly enhanced IL-10 production in first trimester compared with age-matched nonpregnant women. These data suggest that IL-10 is expressed in the placenta in a gestational age-dependent manner and that its down-regulation at term may be an important mechanism underlying the subtle changes associated with parturition.

Gestational age-dependent expression of IL-10 and its receptor in human placental tissues and isolated cytotrophoblasts.

Purpose of review
The concept of the developmental origins of health and disease susceptibility is rapidly attracting interest and gaining prominence as a complementary approach to understanding the causation of many complex common disorders that confer a major burden of disease; however several important issues and questions remain to be addressed, particularly in the context of humans.

/pdf/prenatal-stress-and-developmental-programming-of-human-56u9l2lplh.pdf

Prenatal stress and developmental programming of human health and disease risk: concepts and integration of empirical findings.

Epidemiological, clinical, physiological, cellular, and molecular evidence suggests that the origins of obesity and metabolic dysfunction can be traced back to intrauterine life and supports an important role for maternal nutrition prior to and during gestation in fetal programming. The elucidation of underlying mechanisms is an area of interest and intense investigation. In this perspectives paper we propose that in addition to maternal nutrition-related processes it may be important to concurrently consider the potential role of intrauterine stress and stress biology. We frame our arguments in the larger context of an evolutionary-developmental perspective that supports roles for both nutrition and stress as key environmental conditions driving natural selection and developmental plasticity. We suggest that intrauterine stress exposure may interact with the nutritional milieu, and that stress biology may represent an underlying mechanism mediating the effects of diverse intrauterine perturbations, including but not limited to maternal nutritional insults (undernutrition and overnutrition), on brain and peripheral targets of programming of body composition, energy balance homeostasis, and metabolic function. We discuss putative maternal-placental-fetal endocrine and immune/inflammatory candidate mechanisms that may underlie the long-term effects of intrauterine stress. We conclude with a commentary of the implications for future research and clinical practice.

/pdf/fetal-programming-of-body-composition-obesity-and-metabolic-4ka8eu8co7.pdf

Fetal Programming of Body Composition, Obesity, and Metabolic Function: The Role of Intrauterine Stress and Stress Biology

Inflammation: a link between endometriosis and preterm birth

New aspects of placental endocrinology.

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New aspects of placental endocrinology.