A 94-GHz overmoded traveling-wave tube (TWT) has been designed, fabricated, and successfully tested. The TWT operates in the rectangular TM31 mode of the cavity, while lower order modes are suppressed using selectively placed strips of lossy dielectric. The 87-cavity TWT circuit was directly machined from Glidcop, a dispersion-hardened copper. The TWT was tested in a 0.25 T solenoidal magnetic field in 3- $\mu \text{s}$ pulses. Operating at a voltage of 30.6 kV with 250 mA of collector current, the TWT was zero-drive stable and achieved 21 ± 2 dB linear device gain with 27-W peak output power. Taking into account 3 dB of loss in both the input and output coupling circuits, the gain of the TWT circuit itself is 27 ± 2 dB with 55 W of saturated circuit output power. Using the 3-D particle-in-cell code CST Particle Studio, the linear circuit gain was estimated to be 28 dB and the saturated output power 100 W, in good agreement with the experimental results. The measured bandwidth of 30 MHz was significantly smaller than the predicted value of 250 MHz. The overmoded TWT is a promising approach to high-power TWT operation at W-band and to the extension of the TWT to terahertz frequencies.

An Overmoded W-Band Coupled-Cavity TWT

Collectors are an indispensable part of any vacuum microwave devices where the electron beam – so-called spent electron beam emerged from interaction structure – is collected. Although the first pu...

A comprehensive review of depressed collectors of slow-wave devices

Electron gun and multistage depressed collector design remain significant tasks in new vacuum electron device development. The ability to accurately predict device performance continues to improve. Recent work has been done on improving the ability for modeling and design simulation environments to aid the designer in finding optimum configurations. As the simulation tools have improved to enable first- pass design success in some cases, the potential benefits of optimization techniques become even more significant. This paper discusses various procedures for optimization of electron guns as well as multistage depressed collectors.

Design and Optimization Electron Guns and Depressed Collectors Using the MICHELLE code in the ANALYST Environment

In this paper a design procedure of a 9kV, 0.45A, with a beam waist of 1.5 mm electron gun, without control grid, operating under the space-charge limited condition, to be used in a C-Band Traveling-Wave Tube (TWT), is presented. During the design, three electron gun geometric parameters were varied, namely: the cathode-anode distance, the anode height and the focusing electrode angle, in order to study the electron beam behavior. To cut the electron beam current, a negative voltage was applied on the focusing electrode. It was verified that a 2.5kV biasing negative voltage in the focusing electrode, decreased the electric current from 0.45 A to 1.2mA. All gun simulations were done using the EGUN code.

An electron gun design for a C-band TWT

CLIC Drive Beam Gun

The 3D finite-element gun and collector modeling code, MICHELLE, has been under development at SAIC in collaboration with industrial partners and national laboratories. This development program has been designed to address the shortcomings of current beam optics simulation and modeling tools for vacuum electron devices. The program specifically targets problem classes including gridded-guns, sheet-beam guns, multi-beam devices, and anisotropic collectors, with a focus on improved physics models. The code includes both structured and unstructured grid systems for meshing flexibility. Advances have been made in the areas of accurate particle tracking through the mesh and beam emission methods, including new models for thermionic, temperature-limited, Child's law and secondary emission.

/pdf/the-michelle-electron-gun-and-collector-modeling-tool-41z3dateai.pdf

The MICHELLE electron gun and collector modeling tool

Using theMICHELLEGunandCollector code linked totheAnalyst finite-element modeling package, we haveinvestigated theuseofdirect-search andstatistical optimization strategies inthedesignofdepressed collectors. Results ofourworkonanidealized device show that substantial improvements inefficiency canberealized using these methods.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/11051/34864/01666197.pdf

Optimization ofMultistage Collectors UsingtheMICHELLECodeWithin the Analyst Modeling Framework

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The MICHELLE electron gun and collector modeling tool

Optimization ofMultistage Collectors UsingtheMICHELLECodeWithin the Analyst Modeling Framework