THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Laser cladding Ni-based composite coating was fabricated on the surface of 42CrMo steel using 6 kW fibre laser. By the addition of Mo powder, a well-formed and crack-free laser cladding composite coating was obtained. The morphology, composition, microhardness and wear resistance of composite coatings were studied using a scanning electron microscopy, an energy-dispersive spectroscopy, an X-ray diffraction spectrum, a microhardness tester and a wear tester. The results show that the cladding layer has metallurgical bonding with the substrate. The main phases of Ni45 + 10%Mo laser cladding layer are (Fe, Ni), Cr23C6, Cr3C2, Mo2FeB2 and Cr2B3. After the addition of Mo powder, the size of the microstructure of composite coatings is finer than that of Ni45 cladding layer. Stubby-rod carbides are displayed in the interdendritic interface. The molybdenum and chromium are rich in the grain boundaries. The distribution of hardness is uniform in Ni-based cladding layer, and its microhardness is significant...

A study of laser cladding NiCrBSi/Mo composite coatings

Electrodeposited Ni composite coatings containing ceramic particles have been widely investigated due to their improved mechanical, wear and corrosion resistant properties over plain nickel coatings. The application of one of the most widely studied plasma spray powder, Al2O3–13 wt-%TiO2, has not been explored in electrodeposited nickel composites. In the present study, Ni/Al2O3–13 wt-%TiO2 coatings have been electrodeposited using physically mixed commercial Al2O3 and TiO2 powders. The microhardness, wear and corrosion resistant properties of the coatings have been investigated. It was found that the area fraction of particles incorporated in the nickel matrix was very high at lower current density, and the corresponding composite coating exhibited a maximum microhardness (∼580 HK). Interestingly, corrosion resistance of Ni/Al2O3–13 wt-%TiO2 composite coating was similar to that reported for Ni/TiO2. The wear behaviour of Ni/Al2O3–13 wt-%TiO2 coating was in between Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/TiO2 coatings a...

Wear and corrosion resistant properties of electrodeposited Ni composite coating containing Al2O3–TiO2 composite powder

Ni–Co/SiO2 nanocomposite coating was deposited on the steel substrate by pulse electrodeposition method. The coatings were characterised by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy technique, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray map (dispersive elemental mapping) analysis. The influences of stirring rate, pH and SiO2 concentration parameters on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance were studied. The zeta potential of SiO2 nanoparticles was decreased by mounting the pH and also adsorption of the surfactant SDS. Microhardness, friction coefficient, wear and anodic polarisation were determined through Buhler microhardness tester, pin-on-disc wear test and potentiostat galvanic device, respectively. By applying optimum electrodeposition condition (stirring rate 200 rev min−1, pH 4.6 and SiO2 concentration 20 gL−1) incorporation of SiO2 particles into the nickel–cobalt matrix increases which results in the preparation of coatings with high microhardness and corrosio...

Investigation of pulse electrodeposited Ni–Co/SiO2 nanocomposite coating

In this work, nanocrystalline phosphate coatings are systematically produced on low carbon steel with different preparation modalities using nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles. For the sake of comparison, normal zinc phosphate coatings are also produced. All the phosphate coated samples are subjected to the thermal annealing at 100, 200, 300 and 400 °C for 1 h in argon atmosphere. Our results through combined electrochemical characterization and nanoindentation experiments revealed that nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles act as a sealing agent, and therefore prevent crack propagation which enhances the electrochemical and mechanical properties of these coatings. Annealing treatment, along with the recrystallization of metallic matrix, promotes the corrosion resistance of all the phosphate coatings. In fact, among all the classes of coatings, annealed samples at 400 °C exhibit higher nanomechanical properties and lower corrosion rates. The results also invoked that nano TiO2 phosphate behaviour prevails over other two. Therefore, this dominant behaviour is mostly due to the accumulation of hard Zn-P precipitates upon annealing which exfoliates the outermost layer and therefore exposing the underneath layer to corrosive media, eventually delaying the onsets of corrosion attack. Our results highlight, for the first time, the ample avenues of enhancement in the electrochemical performance as well as nanomechanical properties of electrochemically deposited phosphate coatings using the incorporation of nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles in water based phosphate bath followed by subsequent cost effective annealing treatment.

Role of nano TiO2 and nano ZnO particles on enhancing the electrochemical and mechanical properties of electrochemically deposited phosphate coatings

An electrolytic sediment codeposition process was employed to fabricate composite coatings containing CrAlY particles embedded in an Ni matrix The effects of three main deposition parameters and their interactions on the amount of CrAlY particles incorporated in the composite coating were investigated using a design of experiments (DoEs) method Current density, agitation rate and concentration of CrAlY particles in the solution were the parameters considered in the 23 full factorial design With different combinations of the deposition parameters, the amount of CrAlY particles in the composite coatings ranged from 20 to 49 vol-% The DoE results show that the agitation rate exhibited the greatest influence on the amount of CrAlY particles incorporated in the composite coating, followed by the interaction between agitation and particle loading and then the particle loading itself Current density did not appear to affect the particle incorporation for the present set-up

Electrodeposition of Ni matrix composite coatings with embedded CrAlY particles

An electrolytic process was utilised to fabricate NiCoCrAlY coatings, involving deposition of a composite coating consisting of the (Ni,Co) matrix and CrAlY particles, followed by a diffusion heat treatment to convert the composite coating to the desired NiCoCrAlY microstructure. This study focused on the effects of the post-deposition heat-treating conditions (temperature and atmosphere) on the final coating microstructure and composition. The (Ni,Co)–CrAlY composite coatings were heat-treated for 2 h at 1000, 1100 and 1200°C in vacuum and Ar, respectively. Phase constituents and concentrations of the major elements in the coating after heat treatment were examined. Vacuum heat treatment at temperatures ≥1100°C resulted in a significant decrease in Cr content at the coating surface due to Cr evaporation. Heat treatment at 1200°C also caused outward diffusion of Ti from the substrate alloy to the coating layer.

Effect of post-deposition heat treatment on electrodeposited NiCoCrAlY coatings

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Electrodeposition of Ni matrix composite coatings with embedded CrAlY particles

Effect of post-deposition heat treatment on electrodeposited NiCoCrAlY coatings