This paper examines whether only children have poor vision by exploiting the quasinatural experiment generated by the Chinese One-Child Policy. The results suggest that being an only child increases the incidence of myopia by 9.1 percentage points. We further investigate the mechanisms through which being an only child affects the myopia and find that only children, as the only hope in a household, receive higher expectations in terms of academic performance and future educational attainment and pressure to succeed in life from parents, which contribute to the increased myopia. We also find that the school quality of only children is significantly higher than that of non-only children. This study provides new insights into an important health consequence of One-Child Policy in China.

/pdf/do-only-children-have-poor-vision-evidence-from-china-s-one-2usn67n0d7.pdf

Do only children have poor vision? Evidence from China's One‐Child Policy

Numerous reports associate prolonged periods of near-work and specifically reading with
myopia development. The exact mechanisms that underpin this relationship are however,
unclear. Reading may induce perceptual adaptations, specifically changes in contrast
sensitivity and to the accuracy of the accommodation response. Reduced contrast
sensitivity and accommodation may degrade retinal image quality which could result in a
stimulus to ocular elongation and therefore myopia.
The experimental work undertaken in this thesis investigated whether reading text on a
screen influenced changes in contrast sensitivity (contrast adaptation) and accommodation
differently in young adult emmetropic and myopic participants. Contrast adaptation was
examined for spatial frequencies, including those created by text rows and character
strokes, and accommodative accuracy was determined before and after reading.
Furthermore, the influence of cognitive effort on such changes was explored by comparing
adaptation to an incomprehensible phase randomised stimulus that otherwise shared the
statistical properties of the text stimulus.
Reading text on a screen induced contrast adaptation at the spatial frequency created by
text rows and myopic participants incurred more than twice the adaptation of emmetropes.
Contrast adaptation was not significant at the spatial frequency created by character strokes
in either participant group. Myopic participants had significantly greater accommodative lag
(reduced accuracy) than emmetropes after reading text. Myopes also showed a significant
increase in accommodative lag after reading.
There was no significant change in contrast sensitivity or accommodative accuracy after
participants viewed the phased randomised stimulus.
Text stimuli are inherently dominated by low, narrowband and orientation constrained
spatial frequencies generated by row of letters and inter-row space. The results presented
show myopes to be more susceptible to adaptation to these specific text characteristics as
a consequence of active reading. However, there is extensive scope for further work to
determine precisely why this is the case and how such changes may engender myopia
development.

Reading, contrast adaptation and accommodation in young adult myopes and emmetropes

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the prevalence rate of refractive error with gender and age presenting visual acuity of primary student in Jeonnam. Methods: Subjective refraction, objective refraction and visual acuity test were examined on 735 primary school children who ages of 8~13 years lived in Jenman. Presenting visual acuity test was using Han's visual acuity chart and objective refraction was carried out using auto-refractometer. Results: The presenting visual acuity was 0.1 worse in the eye of 54(7.3%) students and 49(7.3%) of them wearing the glasses. The rate of the wearing glasses were 79.3% in 0.125~0.25 visual acuity, 64.2% in 0.3~0.5 visual acuity and 61.6% in 0.6~0.8 visual acuity. It was appeared that 269(36.6%) of them were emmetropia, 321(43.7%) of them were myopia and 56(7.6%) of them were hyperopia, and 89(12.1%) of them were astigmatism. The prevalence rate of myopia was the highest and followed by the prevalence rate of astigmatism. The low degree of myopia occupied the most and the medium degree of myopia showed the tendency of increase as the students get olds. The prevalence rate of the hyperopia showed the tendency of decrease as the students get olds. The prevalence rate of with the rule astigmatism were 50.6% students and against the rule astigmatism were 48.3% of students. Conclusions: The present study reveals the considerable prevalence rates, 466(63.4%) of included subjects, of refractive errors among primary students in Jeonnam province. The rate of the wearing glasses were 313(42.6%). The prevalence of myopia increases as the students get older. Therefore students of visual management is considered necessary through the visual acuity test and refractive examination.

The Study of Prevalence Rate of Refractive Error among the Primary Students in Jeollanamdo

Abstract Background Eye conditions in children can have negative consequences on visual functioning and quality of life. There is a lack of data on the magnitude of children with eye conditions who need services for effective planning of school eye health programmes. To address this, the School Eye Health Rapid Assessment (SEHRA) tool is being developed to collect data to support school eye health programme planning. Methods The module, ‘the magnitude and nature of local needs in school children’ is the first of six modules in the SEHRA tool. The module outlines a school-based cluster survey designed to determine the magnitude of eye health needs in children. This paper outlines the survey sampling strategy, and sample size calculations. Results The requirements for the SEHRA survey indicate that in regions where a larger sample size is required, or where fewer schools are recruited to the survey, confidence in the accuracy of the data will be lower. Conclusions The SEHRA survey module ‘the magnitude and nature of local needs in school children’ can be applied in any context. In certain circumstances, the confidence in the survey data will be reduced. 

https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12889-022-13927-x

A School Eye Health Rapid Assessment (SEHRA) planning tool: Module to survey the magnitude and nature of local needs

Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China (grant no.: 81200714;http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/); Foundation for
Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong, Guangdong Province, China (grant no.: LYM 11009;http://www.gdhed.edu.cn/) and the Science
and Information Technology Bureau of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China (grant no.: 2011Y2-00018-3;http://www.gzsi.gov.cn/).

/pdf/refractive-errors-in-3-6-year-old-chinese-children-a-very-2fizzpgubu.pdf

Refractive errors in 3-6 year-old Chinese children: a very low prevalence of myopia?

Refractive Error and Visual Impairment in School Children in Ghana

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Refractive Error and Visual Impairment in School Children in Ghana