Rapid improvements in sequencing and array-based platforms are resulting in a flood of diverse genome-wide data, including data from exome and whole-genome sequencing, epigenetic surveys, expression profiling of coding and noncoding RNAs, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number profiling, and functional assays. Analysis of these large, diverse data sets holds the promise of a more comprehensive understanding of the genome and its relation to human disease. Experienced and knowledgeable human review is an essential component of this process, complementing computational approaches. This calls for efficient and intuitive visualization tools able to scale to very large data sets and to flexibly integrate multiple data types, including clinical data. However, the sheer volume and scope of data pose a significant challenge to the development of such tools.

Integrative Genomics Viewer

Ramie is one of the most significant fiber crops and contributes to good quality fiber. Drought stress (DS) is one of the most devastating abiotic factors which is accountable for a substantial loss in crop growth and production and disturbing sustainable crop production. DS impairs growth, plant water relation, and nutrient uptake. Ramie has evolved a series of defense responses to cope with DS. There are numerous genes regulating the drought tolerance (DT) mechanism in ramie. The morphological and physiological mechanism of DT is well-studied; however, modified methods would be more effective. The use of novel genome editing tools like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is being used to edit the recessive genes in crops to modify their function. The transgenic approaches are used to develop several drought-tolerant varieties in ramie, and further identification of tolerant genes is needed for an effective breeding plan. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping, transcription factors (TFs) and speed breeding are highly studied techniques, and these would lead to the development of drought-resilient ramie cultivars. The use of hormones in enhancing crop growth and development under water scarcity circumstances is critical; however, using different concentrations and testing genotypes in changing environments would be helpful to sort the tolerant genotypes. Since plants use various ways to counter DS, investigating mechanisms of DT in plants will lead to improved DT in ramie. This critical review summarized the recent advancements on DT in ramie using novel molecular techniques. This information would help ramie breeders to conduct research studies and develop drought tolerant ramie cultivars. 

Improving Drought Stress Tolerance in Ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) Using Molecular Techniques

The Capsicum L. belonging to the family Solanaceae is an economically important genus of flowering plants. This genus comprises more than 30 species with its unique characteristic feature of pungency in its fruits, which are used as spices, in raw salads and pickles. People also use the species of Capsicum for ethnomedicinal and ethnoveterinary purposes. The fruits of Capsicum contain several metabolites including capsaicinoids (alkaloids responsible for the unique pungent taste), vitamins, flavonoids, carotenoids, mineral elements, and other health beneficial compounds, which have medicinal potential. Pharmacological researches have also demonstrated the role of Capsicum in the treatment of many diseases. However, the cultivated species of Capsicum face biotic and abiotic stresses that affect the normal growth and development of the plant and fruits. These stresses negatively affect yields and incur high economic losses to the farmers and the exchequer. Therefore breeding varieties resistant to these stresses is a desirable strategy to avoid/reduce the loss. The development of improved stress-resistant cultivars of Capsicum requires the knowledge of the genetic, genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic basis of stress responses active inside the plants. The recent advancements in high-throughput genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics technologies enable the understanding, quantification, and analysis of genes, proteomes, and metabolomes in various tissues and their response to different stresses at substantial speed and precision. These tools, en masse, known as omics tools allow comparative investigation of wild and cultivated species of plants; thereby in many of the cases could lead to the identification of the genes or proteins and the elucidation of their functions and assisting in the development of multiple stress-tolerant crop designs. In this chapter an attempt has been made to give an overview of the studies currently available toward understating genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic responses to biotic and abiotic stresses in Capsicum species. It further provides insights into designing resistant cultivars using genome editing and other biotechnological approaches. 

Functional genomics to understand the tolerance mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses in Capsicum species

Stress is one of the major limiting afctors that affect not only growth but the yield parameters of plants. Plants has several internal mechanisms to deal with diferent types of stress but sometimes those are not sufficient. Plant growth pormoting microrganisma are well known for their plant growth improvement strategies but on the other hand their also help plants to assist the plant to handle various types of stresess. PGPR porduce various growth hormones which pormote the growth of plants even in the situation of stress. Siderophores and HCN help in dealing with various disease causing microrganisms causing biotic stress. to handle abiotic stress such as drought or thermal stress etc. PGPR secrete various secondary metabolites like exopolysaccaharides (EPS) that protect plants during stress management. The present chapter targets some PGPRs which help in elleviation of different stressess and the mechanism behind. 

PGPR-mediated mitigation of biotic and abiotic stress in plants

Omics approaches for exploring plant–microbe interaction combating abiotic stress

Development and productivity of the plants are constantly threatened by abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants have in turn developed various strategies to combat these stressed conditions. Technological advancement has led to the integration of biology and computer science which has helped mankind significantly with various analytical advancements to understand plant system biology more precisely. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics are collectively known as ‘omics’. These molecular tools help to integrate biological information encoded within the molecular system of the plants. These strategies act as powerful tools in deciphering the intricate, well-coordinated signalling pathways and understanding of plant phenotypic responses at cellular and molecular level towards various environmental stimuli. This chapter briefly addresses the current omics strategies used for deciphering the mechanisms involved in plant stress tolerance.

Omics Technology: Role and Future in Providing Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Plants

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Omics Technology: Role and Future in Providing Biotic and Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Plants