Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have reached efﬁciencies above 25% in just about three years of development, mostly driven by the rapid progress made in the perovskite solar cell research ﬁeld. This review aims to give an overview of the achievements made in this timeframe toward the goal of developing high-efﬁciency perovskite/silicon tandem cells with sufﬁciently large area and long lifetime to be commercially interesting. The developments that led to the recent progress in tandem cell efﬁciency, as well as the fac-tors currently still limiting their performance, including parasitic absorption, reﬂection losses, and the nonideal perovskite absorber layer bandgap, are discussed. Based on this discussion, guidelines for future developments are given. In addition, crucial aspects to enable the commercialization of pero-vskite/silicon tandem solar cells are reviewed, such as device stability and upscaling. Finally, economic considerations show how the number of steps and/or the costs associated to these steps for realizing the perovskite cell must be kept to a minimum to keep up with progress in the ﬁeld of silicon photovoltaics.

Perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells: marriage of convenience or true love story? - An overview

One of the most exciting developments in photovoltaics over recent years has been the emergence of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites as a promising new material for low-cost, high-efficiency photovoltaics. In record time, confirmed laboratory energy conversion efficiencies have increased from a few percent to over 22%. Although there remains uncertainty as to whether materials with the required stability can be found within the associated material system and whether the presence of Pb in highly soluble form will limit commercial application, it is certain that these perovskite cells will remain the focus of concerted research efforts over the coming decade. The early history of the development of this technology leading to the first perovskite cells is documented as are significant recent developments.

Perovskite Solar Cells: The Birth of a New Era in Photovoltaics

Data indicate that the inverter is the element of the photovoltaic plant that has the highest number of service calls and the greatest operation and maintenance cost burden. This paper describes the projects and relevant background needed in developing design qualification standards that would serve to establish a minimum level of reliability, along with a review of photovoltaic inverter quality and safety standards, most of which are in their infancy. We compare stresses and levels for accelerated testing of inverters proposed in the standard drafts, and those proposed by manufacturers and purchasers of inverters. We also review bases for the methods, stress types, and stress levels for durability testing of key inverter components. Many of the test protocols appear to need more comprehensive inclusion of stress factors existing in the natural environment such as wind driven rain, dust, and grid disturbances. Further understanding of how temperature, humidity ingress, and voltage bias affect the inverters and their components is also required. We provide data indicating inconsistent quality of the inverters and the durability of components leading to greater cost for the photovoltaic plant operator. Accordingly, the recommendation for data collection within quality standards for obtaining cost of ownership metrics is made. Design validation testing using realistic operation, environmental, and connection conditions, including under end-use field conditions with feedback for continuous improvement is recommended for inclusion within a quality standard.

A status review of photovoltaic power conversion equipment reliability, safety, and quality assurance protocols

Evaluation performance of photovoltaic modules after a long time operation in Saharan environment

Progress on the stability and encapsulation techniques of perovskite solar cells

Combined Standard for PV Module Design Qualification and Type Approval: New IEC 61215 - Series

Since release of Edition 1 of IEC 61730 series the photovoltaic industry has experienced rapid growth and undergone a large number of changes. As a result, during the past two years Working Group 2 (WG2) of the technical committee for Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems (TC82) of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) invested a considerable effort in updating the governing PV module safety standards to respond to PV industry needs as well as reflect technological changes and advances. In particular, with the revision of IEC 61730 a need to reflect the current understanding of low voltage DC (up to 1,500V d.c.) components and materials used in the construction of PV modules arouse. This includes permitting new materials and new designs while at the same time complying with international horizontal standards that need to be met in order to comply with governing national electric codes. Part 1 of IEC 61730 addresses the minimum requirements for module design while Part 2 deals with the required tests protocols and test sequences. New tests have been added to Part 2 of Edition 2 as the material requirements necessitate the confirmation of their properties during PV module operation. This paper explains the most crucial changes to Edition 1 of IEC 61730 series and shows that most PV modules on the market today already fulfill the requirements of the second edition. In this context it is important to understand the concepts of component approvals, insulation coordination, protection against electric shock, overvoltage category, protection class, material group and pollution degree as well as the resulting voltage limitation conjunction to minimum clearances (cl) and creepage distances (cr) and distance through insulation (dti) for cemented joints.

https://tu-freiberg.de/sites/default/files/media/institut-fuer-angewandte-physik-7681/scripts/jaeckel2014.pdf

Safety of Photovoltaic Modules – an Overview of the Significant Changes Resulting from Maintenance of IEC 61730 Series

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Combined Standard for PV Module Design Qualification and Type Approval: New IEC 61215 - Series

Safety of Photovoltaic Modules – an Overview of the Significant Changes Resulting from Maintenance of IEC 61730 Series