Chapter 1: Overview of Zinc Nutrition ............................................................................................................... S99 1.1 Biological functions of zinc ............................................................................................................................. S99 1.2 Tissue zinc distribution and reserves .............................................................................................................. S99 1.3 Zinc metabolism ........................................................................................................................................... S100 1.4 Importance of zinc for human health........................................................................................................... S101 1.5 Human zinc requirements............................................................................................................................. S105 1.5.1 Adult men ............................................................................................................................................. S106 1.5.2 Adult women......................................................................................................................................... S109 1.5.3 Children ................................................................................................................................................ S110 1.5.4 Pregnancy.............................................................................................................................................. S111 1.5.5 Lactation ............................................................................................................................................... S112 1.6 Dietary sources of zinc and suggested revisions of Recommended Daily Intakes .................................... S112 1.6.1 Dietary sources of zinc and factors affecting the proportion of zinc available for absorption ........ S112 1.6.2 Revised estimates of dietary requirements and recommended intakes for zinc ............................... S114 1.7 Zinc toxicity.................................................................................................................................................... S118 1.8 Causes of zinc deficiency and groups at high risk ....................................................................................... S121 1.9 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ S123

International Zinc Nutrition Consultative Group (IZiNCG) technical document #1. Assessment of the risk of zinc deficiency in populations and options for its control.

Chapter 1: Overview of Zinc Nutrition S99 1.1 Biological functions of zinc S99 1.2 Tissue zinc distribution and reserves S99 1.3 Zinc metabolism S100 1.4 Importance of zinc for human health S101 1.5 Human zinc requirements S105 1.5.1 Adult men S106 1.5.2 Adult women S109 1.5.3 Children S110 1.5.4 Pregnancy S111 1.5.5 Lactation S112 1.6 Dietary sources of zinc and suggested revisions of Recommended Daily Intakes S112 1.6.1 Dietary sources of zinc and factors affecting the proportion of zinc available for absorption ........ S112 1.6.2 Revised estimates of dietary requirements and recommended intakes for zinc S114 1.7 Zinc toxicity S118 1.8 Causes of zinc deficiency and groups at high risk S121 1.9 Summary S123

/pdf/assessment-of-the-risk-of-deficiency-in-populations-and-18zg5q6rws.pdf

Assessment of the risk of deficiency in populations and options for its control

BACKGROUND: Pediatric healthcare is critically dependent on the availability of accurate and precise laboratory biomarkers of pediatric disease, and on the availability of reference intervals to allow appropriate clinical interpretation. The development and growth of children profoundly influence normal circulating concentrations of biochemical markers and thus the respective reference intervals. There are currently substantial gaps in our knowledge of the influences of age, sex, and ethnicity on reference intervals. We report a comprehensive covariate-stratified reference interval database established from a healthy, nonhospitalized, and multiethnic pediatric population.

METHODS: Healthy children and adolescents (n = 2188, newborn to 18 years of age) were recruited from a multiethnic population with informed parental consent and were assessed from completed questionnaires and according to defined exclusion criteria. Whole-blood samples were collected for establishing age- and sex-stratified reference intervals for 40 serum biochemical markers (serum chemistry, enzymes, lipids, proteins) on the Abbott ARCHITECT c8000 analyzer.

RESULTS: Reference intervals were generated according to CLSI C28-A3 statistical guidelines. Caucasians, East Asians, and South Asian participants were evaluated with respect to the influence of ethnicity, and statistically significant differences were observed for 7 specific biomarkers.

CONCLUSIONS: The establishment of a new comprehensive database of pediatric reference intervals is part of the Canadian Laboratory Initiative in Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER). It should assist laboratorians and pediatricians in interpreting test results more accurately and thereby lead to improved diagnosis of childhood diseases and reduced patient risk. The database will also be of global benefit once reference intervals are validated in transference studies with other analytical platforms and local populations, as recommended by the CLSI.

/pdf/closing-the-gaps-in-pediatric-laboratory-reference-intervals-20xgrdob4v.pdf

Closing the Gaps in Pediatric Laboratory Reference Intervals: A CALIPER Database of 40 Biochemical Markers in a Healthy and Multiethnic Population of Children

Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976–1980)

Assessing the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiency in populations is critical to determine the need for and appropriate targeting of zinc intervention programs and to assess their effectiveness for improving the health and well-being of high-risk populations. However, there is very little information on the zinc status of populations worldwide due to the lack of consensus on appropriate biochemical indicators of zinc status. The objective of this review was to evaluate the use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status.We have reviewed the response of serum zinc concentration to dietary zinc restriction and zinc supplementation. In addition, we completed pooled analyses of nine zinc intervention trials in young children to assess the relations between serum zinc concentration of individuals before treatment and their responses to zinc supplementation. Also, in updated combined analyses of previously published data, we investigated the relation between the mean initial seru...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/15648265070283S303

Use of serum zinc concentration as an indicator of population zinc status.

Age- and sex-specific reference intervals based on the 0.025 and 0.975 fractiles of data derived from a healthy pediatric population are presented for zinc, copper, selenium, iron, ferritin, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and related analytes in serum. Age was an important covariate for copper, selenium, retinol, and tocopherol, and ferritin in boys. Strong correlations were found between retinol and retinol-binding protein, prealbumin (transthyretin), alpha-tocopherol, and selenium. Tocopherol was highly correlated with both cholesterol and triglycerides. We found no relationship between serum zinc and either retinol or retinol-binding protein. Despite exclusion of children in whom anemia, microcytosis, or variant hemoglobins were found, the 0.025 fractile for iron in several age groups was even less than the concentration considered to indicate poor iron nutritional status.

Age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals and correlations for zinc, copper, selenium, iron, vitamins A and E, and related proteins.

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Age- and sex-specific pediatric reference intervals and correlations for zinc, copper, selenium, iron, vitamins A and E, and related proteins.