Analyses of North Pacific marine mammal bycatch data for the period 1989-2006 have been made by Perez (2003, 2006, Unpubl.) based on Structured Query Language scripts. A change in the structure of the Oracle database maintained by the Fisheries Monitoring and Analysis (FMA) Division of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center in 2008 required that analysis programs be rewritten. The present analysis, for the period 2007-2011, was undertaken using the R programming language (R Core Team 2012). Bycatch estimates were calculated for each of 23 groundfish trawl, longline, and pot fisheries in Alaska using the FMA observer data and the total fishery data from the Catch Accounting System of the Alaska Regional Office of the National Marine Fisheries Service. Fisheries were determined by the target species, gear type, and area. The weight of all groundfish caught in a haul was used as a measure of effort. The total number of hauls was unknown for each fishery. The ratio of sampled groundfish weight to number of sampled hauls was assumed to be equal to the ratio of total groundfish weight for the fishery to the total number of hauls in the fishery. The observed bycatch of all marine mammal species for the years 20072011 was 16, 38, 20, 23 and 32, respectively. An additional 12 marine mammal mortalities were observed but were not used to estimate total marine mammal mortality because they occurred in hauls with unknown effort. The estimated bycatch of all marine mammals for these years was 31.8, 42.9, 21.1, 28.6 and 38.4, respectively. The following marine mammal species were bycaught during 2007-2011: bearded seal, harbor seal, northern elephant seal, northern fur seal, Steller (northern) sea lion, ribbon seal, ringed seal, spotted seal (larga seal), unidentified pinniped, walrus, Dall's porpoise, gray whale, harbor porpoise, humpback whale, killer whale and sperm whale. Annual bycatch (killed or seriously injured) estimates were calculated for each marine mammal stock in each fishery for the 5 year period. These estimates are used to assess and manage marine mammal stocks and for classification of commercial fisheries.

North Pacific marine mammal bycatch estimation methodology and results, 2007-2011

Entanglements affect marine mammal species around the globe, and for some, those impacts are great enough to cause population declines. This study aimed to document rates and causes of entanglement and trends in local haulout abundance for Steller and California sea lions on the north coast of Washington from 2010-2018. We conducted small boat surveys to count sea lions and document entangled individuals. Rates of entanglement and entangling material occurrence were compared with records of stranded individuals on the Washington and Oregon coast and with packing bands recorded during beach debris surveys. The rate of entanglement for California sea lions was 2.13%, almost entirely composed of adult males, with a peak rate during June and July potentially due to some entangled individuals not migrating to their breeding grounds. For Steller sea lions, the rate of entanglement was 0.41%, composed of 77% adults (32.4% male, 63.3% female), 17.1% juveniles, 5.9% unknown age, and no pups. Steller sea lions exhibited a 7.9% ± 3.2 rate of increase in abundance at the study haulouts, which was similar to that seen in California sea lions (7.8% ± 4.2); both increases were greater than the population growth rates observed range-wide despite high rates of entanglement. Most entanglements for both species were classified as packing bands, followed by entanglement scars. Salmon flashers were also prevalent and only occurred from June-September during the local ocean salmon troll fishery. Packing band occurrence in beach debris surveys correlated with packing band entanglements observed on haulouts. However, no packing band entanglements were observed in the stranding record and the rate of stranded animals exhibiting evidence of entanglement was lower than expected, indicating that entanglement survival is higher than previously assumed. Future studies tracking individual entanglement outcomes are needed to develop effective, targeted management strategies.

/pdf/entanglement-rates-and-haulout-abundance-trends-of-steller-373vn4nckt.pdf

Entanglement rates and haulout abundance trends of Steller (Eumetopias jubatus) and California (Zalophus californianus) sea lions on the north coast of Washington state.

/pdf/breaking-down-harassment-to-characterize-trends-in-human-30sbtnje2o.pdf

Breaking down “harassment” to characterize trends in human interaction cases in Maine's pinnipeds

Endangered Species Act Section 7(a)(2) Biological Opinion Office of Naval Research (ONR) Arctic Research Activities 2018-2021 and Associated Proposed Issuance of an Incidental Harassment Authorization in the Beaufort Sea, Alaska

Section 117 of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) requires the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) to estimate human-caused marine mammal mortality and serious injury. Data from documented interactions between human activities and pinnipeds or cetaceans belonging to stocks which appear in the Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports (SARs) were compiled for the 5-year period from 2013 through 2017. A total of 922 unique interactions with evidence of human-caused mortality or injury are summarized in this report. Details for all reported human-marine mammal interactions (approximately 3,500) were first assessed for evidence of human-caused injury or mortality to the marine mammal; injuries and mortalities that could not be attributed with high confidence to human causes were excluded from further analysis. Injury severity determinations were then made for those injuries considered to be human-caused with high confidence. Injury determination details, including the injury source, type, severity, and criteria supporting the determination are presented in the appendices. Records of human-caused mortality are also included in this report and assigned to source. Mortality and injury values were assigned to each interaction for comparison with the potential biological removal (PBR) levels for each stock calculated under the MMPA and appearing within the Alaska SARs. The mortality and serious injury values included in this report are derived solely from documented interactions. Not all human-caused mortality and serious injury to marine mammals is documented, so this report represents a minimum count of human-caused mortality and serious injury to Alaska marine mammal stocks.

Human-caused mortality and injury of NMFS-managed Alaska marine mammal stocks 2013-2017

Human-caused mortality and injury of NMFS-managed Alaska marine mammal stocks, 2015-2019

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Human-caused mortality and injury of NMFS-managed Alaska marine mammal stocks 2013-2017

Human-caused mortality and injury of NMFS-managed Alaska marine mammal stocks, 2015-2019