Summary
The diets of over two-thirds of the world's population lack one or more essential mineral elements. This can be remedied through dietary diversification, mineral supplementation, food fortification, or increasing the concentrations and/or bioavailability of mineral elements in produce (biofortification). This article reviews aspects of soil science, plant physiology and genetics underpinning crop biofortification strategies, as well as agronomic and genetic approaches currently taken to biofortify food crops with the mineral elements most commonly lacking in human diets: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iodine (I) and selenium (Se). Two complementary approaches have been successfully adopted to increase the concentrations of bioavailable mineral elements in food crops. First, agronomic approaches optimizing the application of mineral fertilizers and/or improving the solubilization and mobilization of mineral elements in the soil have been implemented. Secondly, crops have been developed with: increased abilities to acquire mineral elements and accumulate them in edible tissues; increased concentrations of ‘promoter’ substances, such as ascorbate, β-carotene and cysteine-rich polypeptides which stimulate the absorption of essential mineral elements by the gut; and reduced concentrations of ‘antinutrients’, such as oxalate, polyphenolics or phytate, which interfere with their absorption. These approaches are addressing mineral malnutrition in humans globally.

/pdf/biofortification-of-crops-with-seven-mineral-elements-often-3g2xc3trnk.pdf

Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets--iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine.

https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/0016-5085(95)90192-2/pdf

Selective stimulation of bifidobacteria in the human colon by oligofructose and inulin.

Background High levels of dietary sodium (consumed as common salt, sodium chloride) are associated with raised blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular health. Despite this, public health efforts to reduce sodium consumption remain limited to a few countries. Comprehensive, contemporaneous sodium intake data from around the world are needed to inform national/international public health initiatives to reduce sodium consumption. Methods Use of standardized 24-h sodium excretion estimates for adults from the international INTERSALT (1985–87) and INTERMAP (1996–99) studies, and recent dietary and urinary sodium data from observational or interventional studies—identified by a comprehensive search of peer-reviewed and ‘grey’ literature—presented separately for adults and children. Review of methods for the estimation of sodium intake/ excretion. Main food sources of sodium are presented for several Asian, European and Northern American countries, including previously unpublished INTERMAP data.

Salt intakes around the world: implications for public health

Over 20 severely obese subjects in 11 independent kindreds have been reported to have pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), making this the most common known monogenic cause of human obesity. To date, the detailed clinical phenotype of this dominantly inherited disorder has not been defined, and no homozygous subjects have been described. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire coding region of the MC4R gene in 243 subjects with severe, early-onset obesity. A novel two-base pair GT insertion in codon 279 was found in two unrelated subjects, and four novel missense mutations, N62S, R165Q, V253I, C271Y, and one mutation (T112M) reported previously were found in five subjects. N62S was found in homozygous form in five children with severe obesity from a consanguineous pedigree. All four heterozygous carriers were nonobese. Several features of the phenotype, e.g. hyperphagia, tendency toward tall stature, hyperinsulinemia, and preserved reproductive function, closely resemble those reported previously in Mc4r knock-out mice. In addition, a marked increase in bone mineral density was seen in all affected subjects. In transient transfection assays, the N62S mutant receptor showed a responsiveness to alphaMSH that was intermediate between the wild-type receptor and mutant receptors carrying nonsense and missense mutations associated with dominantly inherited obesity. Thus MC4R mutations result in a syndrome of hyperphagic obesity in humans that can present with either dominant or recessive patterns of inheritance.

/pdf/dominant-and-recessive-inheritance-of-morbid-obesity-1zvfvc2ko2.pdf

Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency

Women (n 160) aged 50 to 65 years were asked to weigh their food for 4 d on four occasions over the period of 1 year, using the PETRA (Portable Electronic Tape Recorded Automatic) scales. Throughout the year, they were asked to complete seven other dietary assessment methods: a simple 24 h recall, a structured 24 h recall with portion size assessments using photographs, two food-frequency questionnaires, a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, a structured food-frequency (menu) record, and a structured food-frequency (menu) record with portion sizes assessed using photographs. Comparisons between the average of the 16 d weighed records and the first presentation of each method indicated that food-frequency questionnaires were not appreciably better at placing individuals in the distribution of habitual diet than 24 h recalls, due partly to inaccuracies in the estimation of frequency of food consumption. With a 7 d estimated record or open-ended food diary, however, individual values of nutrients were most closely associated with those obtained from 16 d weighed records, and there were no significant differences in average food or nutrient intakes.

/pdf/comparison-of-dietary-assessment-methods-in-nutritional-1ee0yapd3g.pdf

Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v . 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records

This supplement provides information on the nutrient composition of milk, milk products and eggs consumed in the UK. It updates specific food groups in the official UK food composition tables and calculates the nutrient content of actual and recommended diets, recipes and menus. The main tables listed contain 46 nutrient columns which include retinol, carotene and unsaturated, mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Further tables cover dietary fibre and retinol fractions. The book includes the results of food analyses commissioned by the UK Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, together with information from food manufacturers.

Milk Products and Eggs: Fourth Supplement to McCance and Widdowson's the Composition of Foods

Introduction Methods Nutrient variability Potatoes Beans and lentils Peas Vegetables Herbs and Spices Fatty acid totals Phytic acid Carotenoid fractions Weight changes on preparation Alternative and taxonomic names Food index

Vegetables, herbs and spices: fifth supplement to McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods.

Cereal and Cereal Products provides information on the nutrient composition of 360 cereal-based foods now consumed in the UK.

Cereals and cereal products: third supplement to McCance and Widdowsons the Composition of foods

Fish and Fish Products: Supplement to The Composition of Foods

Introduction: Methods Arrangement of the tables Appendices Nutrient variability References to introductory text Tables: Symbols and abbreviations Fruit and Fruit Juices Fruit Fruit juices Nuts and Seeds Appendices: Fat fractions and cholesterol Carotenoid fractions Vitamin E fractions Phytic acid Organic acids in fruit Proportions of fruit in cans before draining Alternative and taxonomic names

Fruit and nuts : first supplement to the fifth edition of McCance and Widdowsons's The composition of foods

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