Energy levels of light nuclei A = 5–10

▪ Abstract The identification of direct-reaction processes and their subsequent exploitation for the spectroscopy of weak radioactive beams of exotic nuclei are important problems in modern nuclear physics. One- and two-nucleon knockout reactions, studied using intermediate-energy radioactive beams, have been shown to be powerful tools for this purpose. This article discusses the current status of such investigations and reviews what has been learned to date from the experiments and analyses of the past five years. The techniques are still in their formative stages, and the open questions and challenges are outlined.

Direct reactions with exotic nuclei

An evaluation of A = 13–15 was published in Nuclear Physics A152 (1970), p. 1. This version of A = 14 differs from the published version in that we have corrected some errors discovered after the article went to press. Figures and introductory tables have been omitted from this manuscript. Reference key numbers have been changed to the NNDC/TUNL format. (References closed December 31, 1969) The original work of Fay Ajzenberg-Selove was supported by the US Department of Energy [DE-AC02-76-ER02785]. Later modification by the TUNL Data Evaluation group was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, under: Contract No. DEFG05-88-ER40441 (North Carolina State University); Contract No. DEFG05-91-ER40619 (Duke University). Nucl. Phys. A152 (1970) 1 A = 14 Table of

Energy Levels of Light Nuclei A = 14

https://www.cns.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~shimoura/research/nuc_data/pdf/19.pdf

Energy levels of light nuclei A=11☆

Energy levels of light nuclei A = 12

The neutron pickup reaction (p,d) has been studied at a proton energy of 800 MeV on targets of /sup 7/Li, /sup 12/C, /sup 13/C, /sup 16/O, /sup 25/Mg, /sup 28/Si, and /sup 40/Ca. States known to correspond to single-hole excitations are seen and in most cases the data are properly understood through distorted-wave Born approximation calculations. High-spin final states are prominent, and some are shown to be excited through multiple step processes. The strongest states seen in the data do not correspond to known levels.

(p,d) reaction at 800 MeV

Differential cross sections are reported for (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$,$p$) reactions to discrete final states over the range $\ensuremath{\theta}=20\ensuremath{-}95 (116\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{})$ and for the inclusive (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,$p$) reactions in $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ at $\ensuremath{\theta}=20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to the continuum. The continuum cross sections indicate the predominance of the two-nucleon pion absorption mechanism where (${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$,$p$) shows the importance of multiple (charge-exchange) scattering. The combined use of the exclusive and inclusive cross sections is discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{6,7}\mathrm{Li}$(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$,$p$)$^{5,6}\mathrm{Li}$, ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=75$ MeV, $\ensuremath{\theta}=20\ensuremath{-}116\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=175$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}=20\ensuremath{-}95\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$(${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$,$p$), ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=75, 175$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}=20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({T}_{p})$; discussed reaction mechanism effects.

( π , p ) absorption in Li 6 , 7 at 75 and 175 MeV

We have measured the reactions $^{3,4}\mathrm{He}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, n)^{2,3}\mathrm{H}$ at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=285, 428, 525, \mathrm{and} 575$ MeV over an angular range ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{n}=18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}134\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in the center-of-momentum frame, and the reaction $^{3}\mathrm{He}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})^{3}\mathrm{H}$ at ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=285, 428, \mathrm{and} 525$ MeV over an angular range ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}=60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. The pion absorption is found to proceed by a two-nucleon mechanism, with an energy dependence consistent with the formation of an $I=\frac{1}{2}$ resonance in the intermediate state. The pion single-charge exchange is discussed within the framework of the optical and Glauber models, and the dependence on the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ electromagnetic form factors is discussed. We also examine the isospin dependence of the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-nuclear Hamiltonian.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{3,4}\mathrm{He}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, n)^{2,3}\mathrm{H}$, ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=285\ensuremath{-}575$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{n}=18\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}134\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; and $^{3}\mathrm{He}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}, {\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})^{3}\mathrm{H}$,, ${T}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}=285\ensuremath{-}525$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}=60\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\ensuremath{-}140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; measured $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}$; discussed reaction mechanism, effects of form factors.

/sup 3,4/He(. pi. /sup -/,n)/sup 2,3/H and /sup 3/He(. pi. /sup -/,. pi. /sup 0/)/sup 3/H at 285--575 MeV

The (..pi../sup +/, p) reaction has been studied at T/sub ..pi../ = 90 and 180 MeV on /sup 12/C, and at T/sub ..pi../ = 90 and 170 MeV on /sup 13/C. The resolution was sufficient to resolve many single levels in the residual nuclei, and angular distributions were obtained between laboratory angles of 10/sup 0/ and 115/sup 0/. A comparison between the present (..pi.., p) data and existing high-energy (p,d) data in terms of a model assuming intermediate pion exchange in the (p,d) reaction indicates that the (..pi..,p) reaction is an important subprocess in the (p,d) reaction. The present data also suggest that pion rescattering is likely to be a fundamental part of the (..pi.., p) reaction mechanism.

/sup 12/C and /sup 13/C(. pi. /sup +/, p) reaction at T/sub. pi. / = 90 and 180 MeV

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(p,d) reaction at 800 MeV

( π , p ) absorption in Li 6 , 7 at 75 and 175 MeV

/sup 3,4/He(. pi. /sup -/,n)/sup 2,3/H and /sup 3/He(. pi. /sup -/,. pi. /sup 0/)/sup 3/H at 285--575 MeV

/sup 12/C and /sup 13/C(. pi. /sup +/, p) reaction at T/sub. pi. / = 90 and 180 MeV