Relations between the Morphology of Larvae and the Classification of Adults in the Ischnoceran Bird Biting Lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)



Morphological data on the postembryonic development of 86 species representing 51 genera of Ischnocera are considered in order to describe morphoclines or starting points for the following characters: coloration, structures of forehead, chaetotaxy of head, eyes, antennae, clavi, trabeculae, chaetotaxy of notum, tergites, pleurites, and metamery of abdomen. The results are compared with some classifications of the Ischnocera. The terminology of this study is fixed in a glossary.

http://phthiraptera.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/0084.pdf

Beziehungen zwischen Larvenmorphologie und Systematik der Adulti bei den Vogel‐Ischnozeren (Insecta, Phthiraptera, Ischnocera)

The development of the critical theory of evolution: The scientific career of Wolfgang F. Gutmann

The ‘Hydroskelett-Theory’ (Gutmann 1972) was the first coherent model for chordate evolution, based on the principles of engineering and constructional morphology. As a result of further investigations, the ‘Hydroskelett-Theory’ is revived, broadened, and stated more precisely. It is assumed that first the neuralchord evolved from an internal fluid filled canal in the dorsal region of a metameric elongated worm-like ancestor. This canal provided some stabilisation of the body length, therefore supported lateral undulations by longitudinal muscles and finally performed the development of the notochord as a gelatinous/fibrous medial length stabilizing axis and force transmitter (skeleton) for muscle activity. With this evolutionary sequence — neuralchord first, than notochord — the new model corresponds to ontogenetic development of any recent vertebrates, in which the neuralchord develops before the notochord. Finally, the wide evolutionary field that was opened up when early worm-like animals attained the body structure of a chordate is outlined for echinoderms, hemichordates, tunicates, Acrania and Craniota (including fossil jawless fishes, bony fishes, and finally the tetrapods).

The origin and early evolution of chordates: The ‘Hydroskelett-Theorie’ and new insights towards a metameric ancestor

A scenario for the evolutionary history of the Metazoa is presented, including the evolution of the Urmetazoa and the Ctenophora, Porifera, Coelenterata, and early Bilateria. The reasoning about evolutionary transformations is based on engineering morphology, and includes the results of comparative anatomy and of molecular research. According to this evolutionary model, the specific metazoan multicellularity, which is different of that of fungi and plants, evolved in multinucleate heterotroph unicellular organisms by the deposit of gelatinous/fibrous substance into the endoplasmatic reticulum. The multitude of cells, the syncytia, and the extracellular matrix with gelatinous properties and containing collagenous fibers, developed dependent of each other and simultaneously. The resulting ancestral metazoan, the ur-metazoan, was named ‘gallertoid’ (German: Gallerte = gelatine) for the main feature of its body support, viz., the gelatinous/fibrous material. By further internal differentiation of gallertoids several evolutionary lineages developed independently:Trichoplax, the Ctenophora, the Porifera, the Coelenterata, and the Bilateria (=Coelomata), which soon split into two lines, the Notoneuralia and the Gastroneuralia.

The origin of metazoa and the main evolutionary lineages of the animal Kingdom: The gallertoid hypothesis in the light of modern research

The basic theorems of constructional morphology as conceived by the hydraulic theory are presented. It is shown that physics and the law of conservation of energy prescribe the understanding of organisms as energy-converting, mechanically coherent systems, which are characterized by auto-formative and auto-mobile capabilities. The constructional properties have to be conceived as specific organis-mic principles. The constructional setup can be shown to determine the phyloge-netic pathways over functionally viable intermediate stages. All restraints and irreversibility enforcing transformation steps are deducible from the constructional principles of the organisms.

Constructional Principles and the Quasi-Experimental Approach to Organisms

GUTMANN, W. F., & BONIK, K. (1981): Kritische Evolutionstheorie. Ein Beitrag zur Überwindung altdarwinistischer Dogmen. - Hildesheim (GERSTENBERG-Verlag); 227 S.; 43 Abb.; brosch.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

B. H. J. Eichler

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

GUTMANN, W. F., & BONIK, K. (1981): Kritische Evolutionstheorie. Ein Beitrag zur Überwindung altdarwinistischer Dogmen. - Hildesheim (GERSTENBERG-Verlag); 227 S.; 43 Abb.; brosch.