Superionic conductors are compounds that exhibit exceptionally high values of ionic conductivity within the solid state. Indeed, their conductivities often reach values of the order of 1 Ω−1 cm−1, which are comparable to those observed in the molten state. Following Faraday's first observation of high ionic conductivity within the solids β-PbF2 and Ag2S in 1836, a fundamental understanding of the nature of the superionic state has provided one of the major challenges in the field of condensed matter science. However, experimental and theoretical approaches to their study are often made difficult by the extensive dynamic structural disorder which characterizes superionic conduction and the inapplicability of many of the commonly used approximations in solid state physics. Nevertheless, a clearer picture of the nature of the superionic state at the ionic level has emerged within the past few decades. Many different techniques have contributed to these advances, but the most significant insights have been provided by neutron scattering experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. This review will summarize the state of current knowledge concerning the crystal structures and conduction processes of superionic conductors, beginning with a comparison of the behaviour of two of the most widely studied binary compounds, AgI and β-PbF2. Each can be considered a parent of two larger families of highly conducting compounds which are related by either chemical or structural means. These include perovskite-structured oxides and Li+ containing spinel-structured compounds, which have important commercial applications in fuel cells and lightweight batteries, respectively. In parallel with these discussions, the relative importance of factors such as bonding character and the properties of the mobile and immobile ions (charge, size, polarizability, etc) in promoting the extensive lattice disorder which characterizes superionic behaviour will be assessed and the possibilities for predicting a priori which compounds will display high ionic conductivity discussed.

/pdf/superionics-crystal-structures-and-conduction-processes-1q9bpg4zfv.pdf

Superionics: crystal structures and conduction processes

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1468-6996/11/2/023001/pdf

Raman effect in icosahedral boron-rich solids

The photoreduction of CO2 is attractive for the production of renewable fuels and the mitigation of global warming. Herein, we report an efficient method for CO2 reduction over elemental boron catalysts in the presence of only water and light irradiation through a photothermocatalytic process. Owing to its high solar-light absorption and effective photothermal conversion, the illuminated boron catalyst experiences remarkable self-heating. This process favors CO2 activation and also induces localized boron hydrolysis to in situ produce H2 as an active proton source and electron donor for CO2 reduction as well as boron oxides as promoters of CO2 adsorption. These synergistic effects, in combination with the unique catalytic properties of boron, are proposed to account for the efficiency of the CO2 reduction. This study highlights the promise of photothermocatalytic strategies for CO2 conversion and also opens new avenues towards the development of related solar-energy utilization schemes.

Elemental Boron for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Reduction under Light Irradiation

One of the major experimental difficulties in studying materials at extreme temperatures is unwanted contamination of the sample through contact with the container. This can be avoided by suspending the sample through levitation. This technique also makes metastable states of matter accessible, opening up new avenues of scientific enquiry, as well as possible new materials for technological applications. This book describes several methods of levitation, the most important being aerodynamic, electromagnetic and electrostatic. It summarizes the state-of-the-art of the measurement of structural, dynamic and physical properties with levitation techniques, the considerable progress made in this field in the past two decades, and prospects for the future. It also explores the concepts behind the experiments and associated theoretical ideas. Aimed at researchers in physics, physical chemistry and materials science, the book is also of interest to professionals working in high-temperature materials processing and the aerospace industry.

High-Temperature Levitated Materials

This paper presents characterization of amorphous boron (a‐B) films prepared by the electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition method using diborane (B2H6) and hydrogen mixtures. Compositional analyses show that hydrogen is the only impurity which influences film properties appreciably. The infrared absorption study shows that the hydrogen is incorporated into the film in the terminal bonding form. The hydrogen concentration has been estimated using the semiempirical equation given by Blum, Feldman, and Satkiewicz [Phys. Status Solidi A 41, 481 (1977)], which can be verified by the more fundamental principle. The infrared absorption study also shows that the amorphous films possess some short‐range order related with the icosahedral structure. These observations allow us to consider that this film belongs to one of alloyed materials and is true hydrogenated a‐B. In order to study the contributions of hydrogen to the film properties, variations of the color and the electrical resistivity...

Characterization of hydrogenated amorphous boron films prepared by electron cyclotron resonance plasma chemical vapor deposition method

The static structure factor S(Q) of 99.1% enriched amorphous B-11 at 293 K has been determined by neutron diffraction techniques. The sample contained a 5% mixture of crystalline α- and β-rhombohedral boron for which a correction was applied to the measured intensities. S(Q) for β-rhombohedral boron derived under identical experimental conditions is similar to S(Q) for the amorphous material which indicates that an icosahedral arrangement of boron atoms also exists as a subunit in the non-crystalline form with disorder occuring between the icosahedra.

A neutron diffraction study of amorphous boron

Neutron poweder diffraction investigation of γ-and β-copper chloride in the temperature range 8–686 K

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A neutron diffraction study of amorphous boron

Neutron poweder diffraction investigation of γ-and β-copper chloride in the temperature range 8–686 K