https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/b_fdi_57-58/010025232.pdf

Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: A review

Does organic farming benefit biodiversity

Optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of agricultural resources.

A global emissions inventory for ammonia (NH3) has been compiled for the main known sources on a 1° × 1° grid, suitable for input to global atmospheric models. The estimated global emission for 1990 is about 54 Tg N yr−1. The major sources identified include excreta from domestic animals (21.6 Tg N yr−1) and wild animals (0.1 Tg N yr−1), use of synthetic N fertilizers (9.0 Tg N yr−1), oceans (8.2 Tg N yr−1), biomass burning (5.9 Tg N yr−1), crops (3.6 Tg N yr−1), human population and pets (2.6 Tg N yr−1), soils under natural vegetation (2.4 Tg N yr−1), industrial processes (0.2 Tg N yr−1 ), and fossil fuels (0.1 Tg N yr−1). About half of the global emission comes from Asia, and about 70% is related to food production. The regions with highest emission rates are located in Europe, the Indian subcontinent, and China, reflecting the patterns of animal densities and type and intensity of synthetic fertilizer use. The overall uncertainty in the global emission estimate is 25%, while the uncertainty in regional emissions is much greater. As the global human population will show considerable growth in the coming decades, food production and associated NH3 emissions are likely to increase as well.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/97GB02266

A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia

In 1995 a working group was assembled at the request of OECD/IPCC/IEA to revise the methodology for N2O from agriculture for the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Methodology. The basics of the methodology developed to calculate annual country level nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils is presented herein. Three sources of N2O are distinguished in the new methodology: (i) direct emissions from agricultural soils, (ii) emissions from animal production, and (iii) N2O emissions indirectly induced by agricultural activities. The methodology is a simple approach which requires only input data that are available from FAO databases. The methodology attempts to relate N2O emissions to the agricultural nitrogen (N) cycle and to systems into which N is transported once it leaves agricultural systems. These estimates are made with the realization that increased utilization of crop nutrients, including N, will be required to meet rapidly growing needs for food and fiber production in our immediate future. Anthropogenic N input into agricultural systems include N from synthetic fertilizer, animal wastes, increased biological N-fixation, cultivation of mineral and organic soils through enhanced organic matter mineralization, and mineralization of crop residue returned to the field. Nitrous oxide may be emitted directly to the atmosphere in agricultural fields, animal confinements or pastoral systems or be transported from agricultural systems into ground and surface waters through surface runoff. Nitrate leaching and runoff and food consumption by humans and introduction into sewage systems transport the N ultimately into surface water (rivers and oceans) where additional N2O is produced. Ammonia and oxides of N (NOx) are also emitted from agricultural systems and may be transported off-site and serve to fertilize other systems which leads to enhanced production of N2O. Eventually, all N that moves through the soil system will be either terminally sequestered in buried sediments or denitrified in aquatic systems. We estimated global N2O–N emissions for the year 1989, using midpoint emission factors from our methodology and the FAO data for 1989. Direct emissions from agricultural soils totaled 2.1 Tg N, direct emissions from animal production totaled 2.1 Tg N and indirect emissions resulting from agricultural N input into the atmosphere and aquatic systems totaled 2.1 Tg N2O–N for an annual total of 6.3 Tg N2O–N. The N2O input to the atmosphere from agricultural production as a whole has apparently been previously underestimated. These new estimates suggest that the missing N2O sources discussed in earlier IPCC reports is likely a biogenic (agricultural) one.

Closing the global N2O budget: nitrous oxide emissions through the agricultural nitrogen cycle

The fate of biochemical oxygen demand following application of farm wastes to soils

Methane and nitrous oxide emissions following applications of manures to grassland

Ammonia emission and deposition from livestock production systems

Mineralisation of organic nitrogen from animal manures

Transport of nutrients and organic material in soils following applications of animal wastes

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