Infiltration plays an essential role in increasing the soil water content as a part of the hydrological cycle. Infiltration affects surface runoff and soil conservation. It also determines the sustainability of the groundwater system. Heavy rain intensity exceeding the infiltration capacity will result in surface runoff, and excessive surface runoff will cause soil erosion.  This study aims to investigate the suitable infiltration rate model in the Mediterranean soil of clay textured with various soil conditions. Infiltration rate measurement employed a double-ring infiltrometer in soil without and with tillage. The applied infiltration rate model was an empirical model and the function of time, which includes the Kostiakov, Horton, and Philip Models. The results demonstrated that the Mediterranean soil infiltration rate with a clay texture was 0.91 cm/min and was relatively higher in the soil without tillage. The suitable infiltration rate model to be applied in soil conditions without and with tillage is the Kostiakov Model f = 0.700 t-0.25  and f = 0.682 t-0.22, respectively. The Kostiakov model is the most suitable infiltration rate model in Mediterranean textured clay, without tillage conditions, with a determination value of 0.988 and a deviation value of 0.005. Keywords: Horton model, Philip model, Infiltrometer; Kostiakov model, Tillage

Infiltration Model of Mediterranean Soil with Clay Texture

Soils are important components of the environment and their understanding is essential in planning and management for environmental conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. However, reliable soils information is scarce, not detailed enough and also not site specific. A semi detailed soil survey study was conducted of about 7,000 ha of Lower Kuja Irrigation Development Project area in Nyatike District, Migori county. The sudy aimed at evaluating and classifying the soils for irrigation suitability. The study involved quantitative investigations of soil properties, inventory of land use systems and an assessment of the ecological potential and constraints as determined from a balance sheet anaysis of resources and landuse requirements as related to irrigation. Six soil mapping units found in four physiographic units, were identified and their distribution and extent are shown in the annexed soils suitability map, at scale 1:50, 000 Soils of Footridges (slopes 6 – 10%) soil mapping unit RBp, are excessively drained, very shallow, very stony and very rocky; considered Unsuitable for irrigated agriculture. While soils of the Sedimentary Plains (slopes 0 – 3%) soil mapping unit PSB, are well drained, shallow to moderately deep, clay loam to clay, in most places over murrum. Considered Marginally suitable for general irrigation but can be upgraded to Moderately suitable if the area is considered for growing shallow rooted crops under suitable irrigation methods. Soils found in the Lacustrine Sedimentary Plains, soil mapping unit PLB1 are Imperfectly drained deep to very deep, (Eutric Vertisols, Sodic phase). These soils cover a large portion of blocks 1;2;3;4/1;4/2 and 4/3. Though considered Marginally suitable for general irrigated agriculture; it can be upgraded to Highly suitable if paddy rice were to be the main crop. Rice can do well with ESP’s of up 20 and the range in this unit is 2.3 to 18.0 and the EC is very low; 0.3 to 0.4ds/M. Workability which puts the unit to marginally suitable would be an advantage to paddy rice and with proper drainage and good water quality the excess salts can be leached. Soil mapping Unit PLB2 soils are poorly drained to imperfectly drained, moderately deep to deep, sandy clay loam to clay, strongly saline to very strong sodic (sodic solonchaks). These soils cover small portion of blocks 1 and 4/3 and the main area is in block 5/1. The soils are very strongly alkaline pH-H20>9; extremely sodic ESP%>35; very high exchangeable Sodium 18.0 to 46.0 Cmol/kg. Because of these attributes, the soils are rated unsuitable for irrigated agriculture.
xvi
Soils found in the Alluvial Plains soil mapping unit AA1 are moderately well drained to well drained, very deep, loam to clay loam, (Eutric Cambisols, Sodic phase). These soils occupy the greater part of blocks 8,7,6 and 5/2 and are rated Moderately suitable for general irrigated agriculture but can be upgraded to Highly suitable if proper crops are selected since the main problem is the ESP which is slightly sodic to non-sodic. Some suggested crops are paddy rice for the moderately well drained area and horticultural crops like tomatoes; spinach; pepper and kales among others. Soils of the maping unit AA2 are excessively drained, very deep, loamy sand to sand (Haplic Arenosols). The soils occupy small portions in blocks 4/3 and 8. They are rated Unsuitable for irrigated agriculture because of their texture which is very high in the sand fractions 75 to 89% Soil organic carbon was positively correlated with the infiltration rate at (P≤ 0.01) significant levels.

Evaluation of the Suitability of Soils For Irrigation in Lower Kuja, Nyatike District, Kenya

Review of infiltration rate in tropical coastal areas (a preliminary study in Papua)

Interlayer soil is common in southern Xinjiang, because interlayer can reduce the infiltration rate of soil water. To simulate the interlayer soil in heavy saline–alkali cotton fields, this paper adopted a vertical one-dimensional infiltration test. T1 (315 mm), T2 (270 mm), and T3 (225 mm) and different interlayer positions (T5, 315 mm) and thicknesses of the interlayer (T6, 315 mm) with the same irrigation volume, as well as one perforation and sand filling treatment (T4, 315 mm), were set. The influence of different irrigation amounts, locations, and thicknesses of the interlayer and sand injection on water infiltration was analyzed. The analysis results showed that with the increase in irrigation amount, the water infiltration rate and the migration distance of the wet front increased, but did not penetrate to the bottom soil (90 cm). Under the same irrigation volume, the increase in interlayer thickness (T6) compared with the increase in interlayer position (T5), the change in soil moisture content in the upper and lower layers of the interlayer was greater, and the advance time of wetting front migration and cumulative infiltration were slightly higher. After tunneling and sand filling (T4), the infiltration rate of water was increased, the migration time of the wet front was reduced, and the profile water content of each soil layer was improved. The Kostiakov model could better simulate the water infiltration characteristics of interlayer soil with different profile configurations in heavily saline–alkali land. The results showed that in all of the treatments, only the wet front of the soil moisture reached 100 cm in the T4 treatment, and the maximum was only 87.8 cm in the other treatments, indicating that too little irrigation water or the upward movement and thickening of the interlayer were not conducive to water infiltration. For the interlayer soil area in the heavy saline–alkali land in southern Xinjiang, the appropriate irrigation water should be more than 315 mm. The treatment of drilling first and then filling sand can be used as a simple but effective measure to increase the water infiltration rate of the interlayer soil, and can thus be applied to the layered soil structure in the interlayer position of 60–80 cm.

Influence of Interlayer Soil on the Water Infiltration Characteristics of Heavy Saline–Alkali Soil in Southern Xinjiang

Infiltration rate (IR) is the volume flux of water flowing into the profile per unit of soil surface area (Parr and Bertrand, 1960) when the soil is subjected to a shallow depth of ponding at the surface (Ghildyal and Tripathi, 1987) or when the water supply is not limiting (SSSA, 1975). IR is generally expressed in cm/h (Schwab et al, 1981). The term infiltration capacity is frequently used in hydrology to refer to IR (Ghildyal and Tripathi, 1987). It is generally observed that under continued ponding, 1R is high at the beginning, decreases rapidly and then more slowly until it approaches a constant rate asymptotically. Infiltration rate affects many aspects of hydrology and agriculture including runoff and water content of the soil, and is related to evapotranspiration (Marshall and Holmes, 1988).

Influence of some soil physical properties on infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of 3 salt.affected soils in Kenya

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Influence of some soil physical properties on infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of 3 salt.affected soils in Kenya