The basic building block of ever larger data centers has shifted from a rack to a modular container with hundreds or even thousands of servers. Delivering scalable bandwidth among such containers is a challenge. A number of recent efforts promise full bisection bandwidth between all servers, though with significant cost, complexity, and power consumption. We present Helios, a hybrid electrical/optical switch architecture that can deliver significant reductions in the number of switching elements, cabling, cost, and power consumption relative to recently proposed data center network architectures. We explore architectural trade offs and challenges associated with realizing these benefits through the evaluation of a fully functional Helios prototype.

/pdf/helios-a-hybrid-electrical-optical-switch-architecture-for-3pk00vbyfq.pdf

Helios: a hybrid electrical/optical switch architecture for modular data centers

Optical fiber links have become ubiquitous for links at the metropolitan and wide area distance scales, and have become common alternatives to electrical links in local area networks and cluster networks. As optical technology improves and link frequencies continue to increase, optical links will be increasingly considered for shorter, higher-bandwidth links such as I/O, memory, and system bus links. For these links closer to processors, issues such as packaging, power dissipation, and components cost assume increasing importance along with link bandwidth and link distance. Also, as optical links move steadily closer to the processors, we may see significant differences in how servers, particularly high-end servers, are designed and packaged to exploit the unique characteristics of optical interconnects. This paper reviews the various levels of a server interconnect hierarchy and the current status of optical interconnect technology for these different levels. The potential impacts of optical interconnect technology on future server designs are also reviewed.

Exploitation of optical interconnects in future server architectures

Recently developed ideas in the field of wireless communications suggest that the presence of scattering can be used to enhance, rather than degrade, the total information capacity of a transmission system. This concept is applied to data transmission over multimode optical fiber, and the result is an optical multiplexing that can increase the capacity of such fiber. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. The technique may play an important role in future high-bandwidth local area networking applications.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/289/5477/281.full.pdf

Dispersive multiplexing in multimode optical fiber

We present a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) optical link based on coherent optics and its ability to exploit the inherent information capacity of multimode fiber. A coherent implementation differs from previous work in optical MIMO by allowing the system to tolerate smaller modal delay spreads, because of a much larger carrier frequency, and yet maintain the necessary diversity needed for MIMO operation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of MIMO adaptive equalization to mitigate intersymbol interference when exceeding the bandwidth-length product of the link. The impact of phase noise is studied with numerical simulation.

Coherent optical MIMO (COMIMO)

The Multiwavelength Assemblies for Ubiquitous Interconnects (MAUI) program is a collaboration between Agilent Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, and the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, with the goal of enabling fiber-to-the-processor by developing very-high-density optical interconnects and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) interface electronics. This paper focuses on the parallel wavelength-division-multiplexed optical interconnect technologies and their potential impact on computer systems.

MAUI: enabling fiber-to-the-Processor with parallel multiwavelength optical interconnects

Current local area network (LAN) bandwidth demands of >1 Gb/s are pushing the limit of the bandwidth-distance product of multimode fiber, the predominant fiber in LAN backbones. In order to overcome these limitations, a low-cost and compact wavelength division multiplexing scheme is demonstrated. Aggregate bit rates of 5 and 10 Gb/s are achieved through 300 and 100 m of 62.5/125-/spl mu/m multimode fiber, respectively. Four vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers are used at wavelengths of 820, 835, 850, and 865 nm with each operating at a bit rate of 1.25 or 2.5 Gb/s. This technology provides a practical solution for reaching bit rates up to 10 Gb/s in the LAN.

Low-cost multimode WDM for local area networks up to 10 Gb/s

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

B.E. Lemoff

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Low-cost multimode WDM for local area networks up to 10 Gb/s