The provincial sports week championship (PORPROV) organized by the Indonesian National Sports Committee (INSC) of Bali Province is held every two years followed by INSC Regency or City. Observing the results of each provincial sports week which became the first champion and runner up was always obtained by Badung and Denpasar regencies in a period of ten years. One of the contributors to a large number of medals is the athletic numbers of walking, running, jumping, and throwing as a measured sport. The Indonesian Athletics Association (PASI) of the districts or cities in Bali coaching patterns have not been evenly distributed as evidenced in the acquisition of medals at the provincial sports week, in addition to different coaching patterns supported by other facilities. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the comparison of sports coaching patterns, physical abilities, and physical fitness of PASI athletic athletes at the Bali provincial sports week in 2022. This study uses a combination descriptive method (quantitative and qualitative), with a survey to find a comparison of the results of research data. The research sample was athletic athletes who participated in the Bali provincial sports week in 2022. The data were obtained through observations, interviews, questionnaires, tests and measurements, archives, and documentation. The data analysis used is data triangulation. The results of the study are (1) the creation of athletic sports coaching patterns and strategies through the management of district or city PASI administrators in Bali province to achieve achievement coaching goals, setting targets, and targets in developing and improving athletic sports achievements. (2) The level of physical ability of athletic sports athletes varies according to race numbers; fast walking numbers, running numbers, jumping numbers, and throwing numbers differ in physical needs and abilities. (3) The level of physical fitness of athletic sports number athletes according to the character of the race number, each race number requires different physical fitness. The results of the study make an expected contribution including overcoming obstacles, gaps, and obstacles faced by PASI district or city of Bali Province.
Keywords: Sports coaching pattern, physical ability, physical fitness, athletic athletes
 

pdf/assessment-of-sports-coaching-patterns-physical-abilities-3i961q77li.pdf

Assessment of sports coaching patterns, physical abilities, and physical fitness in athletics: a study of the provincial sports week championship

In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.

Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint 
and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding 
of Their Choices and Insights (Part III)

ABSTRACT
MacLennan, M, Ramirez-Campillo, R, and Byrne, PJ. Self-massage techniques for the management of pain and mobility with application to resistance training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2314-2323, 2023-Fascial restrictions that occur in response to myofascial trigger points (MTrP), exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) cause soft tissue to lose extensibility, which contributes to abnormal muscle mechanics, reduced muscle length, and decrements in joint range of motion (ROM) and actively contributes to musculoskeletal pain. Resistance training and in particular, weightlifting movements have unique mobility requirements imperative for movement efficacy and safety with ROM restrictions resulting in ineffective volume and intensity tolerance and dampened force output and power, which may lead to a failed lift or injury. Self-massage (SM) provides an expedient method to promote movement efficiency and reduce injury risk by improving ROM, muscular function, and reducing pain and allows athletes to continue to train at their desired frequency with minimal disruption from MTrPs-associated adverse effects. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the efficacy of various self-massage tools in managing pain and mobility and to explore the potential benefits of SM on resistance training performance. Many SM devices are available for athletes to manage ROM restrictions and pain, including differing densities of foam rollers, roller massagers, tennis balls, and vibrating devices. To attenuate adverse training effects, a 10-to-20-minute bout consisting of 2-minute bouts of SM on the affected area may be beneficial. When selecting a SM device, athletes should note that foam rollers appear to be more effective than roller massagers, with vibrating foam rollers eliciting an increased reduction to pain perception, and tennis balls and soft massage balls were shown to be efficacious in targeting smaller affected areas.

Self-Massage Techniques for the Management of Pain and Mobility With Application to Resistance Training: A Brief Review.

The purpose was to compare the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the Hang Power Clean (HPC) and Hang Power Snatch (HPS) with the Hang Clean Pull (HCP) and Hang Snatch Pull (HSP). Additionally, the influence of weightlifting expertise (beginner, advanced and elite) on EMG activity was analyzed. Twenty-seven weightlifters (beginner: n = 11, age: 23.9 ± 3.2 years, bodyweight: 75.7 ± 10.5 kg; advanced: n = 10, age: 24.8 ± 4.5 years, bodyweight: 69.4 ± 13.9 kg; elite: n = 6, age: 25.5 ± 5.2 years, bodyweight: 75.5 ± 12.5 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed two repetitions of HPC, HPS, HCP, and HSP at 50%, 70%, and 90% 1RM, respectively. The EMG activity of vastus lateralis (VL), gluteus maximus (GM), erector spinae (ES), rectus abdominis (RA) and trapezius (TZ) was recorded and normalized to the maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of each muscle. There were significant differences in RA and ES EMG activity at 70% and 90% 1RM during HPC compared to HCP in the beginner group (p < 0.05, Hedges g = 0.50-1.06). Significant greater ES activity was observed in the beginner, advanced, and elite groups (p < 0.05, g = 0.27-0.98) during the HPS when compared to the HSP at 50-90% 1RM. TZ muscle activity was significantly greater at 50% and 70% 1RM in the HCP compared to the HPC in the elite group (p < 0.05, g = 0.61-1.08), while the beginner group reached significance only at 50% 1RM favoring HPC (p < 0.05, g = 0.38). Moreover, the EMG activity of the TZ during the HSP and HPS was significantly different only at 50% 1RM in the elite group and favored HSP (p < 0.05, g = 0.27). No differences were observed between the levels of weightlifting expertise. Based upon the results of this study, the overall pattern of EMG activity of the predominant muscles involved in HPC/HPS and the corresponding weightlifting pulling derivatives, apart from the stabilizing muscle (RA and ES), is similar at higher intensities (>70% 1RM) and expertise does not influence muscle activity.

pdf/effects-of-expertise-on-muscle-activity-during-the-hang-3969phm85h.pdf

Effects of Expertise on Muscle Activity during the Hang Power Clean and Hang Power Snatch Compared to Snatch and Clean Pulls - An Explorative Analysis.

Abstract Bartkowiak, S, Kozieł, S, Krzykała, M, Karpowicz, K, Konarski, JM, and Malak, B. Are sex differences in youth weightlifting performance explained by fat-free mass? A controlled analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2025—This study examined sex differences in weightlifting performance among youth athletes, emphasizing the role of fat‐free mass (FFM), strength, and power. Fifty-three competitive weightlifters (28 male, 25 female) aged 13–15 years were evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analyses to estimate FFM, along with assessments of hand grip strength, squat jump (SJ) power, and isometric mid‐thigh pull force. Competition outcomes for the snatch, clean &amp; jerk (C&amp;J), and total weight lifted were recorded. Male weightlifters demonstrated significantly higher absolute strength outputs compared with female weightlifters ( p &lt; 0.001). Regression analyses identified SJ power normalized to FFM as the strongest predictor of performance in male weightlifters across the snatch ( r 2 = 0.3742, p &lt; 0.001), C&amp;J ( r 2 = 0.3742, p &lt; 0.001), and total ( r 2 = 0.3945, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, results from the forward stepwise linear regression indicated that waist-to-hip ratio emerged as a significant, sex-specific predictor of C&amp;J performance ( p &gt; 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of FFM and lower-body explosive strength in youth weightlifting success. However, inherent neuromuscular and biomechanical differences between sexes contribute to persistent performance gaps. The results support the implementation of sex-specific training strategies that target these unique physiologic profiles to optimize performance outcomes in youth weightlifters. 

Are Sex Differences in Youth Weightlifting Performance Explained by Fat-Free Mass? A Controlled Analysis

Comfort, P, Haff, GG, Suchomel, TJ, Soriano, MA, Pierce, KC, Hornsby, WG, Haff, EE, Sommerfield, LM, Chavda, S, Morris, SJ, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on weightlifting for sports performance. J Strength Cond Res 37(6): 1163–1190, 2023—The origins of weightlifting and feats of strength span back to ancient Egypt, China, and Greece, with the introduction of weightlifting into the Olympic Games in 1896. However, it was not until the 1950s that training based on weightlifting was adopted by strength coaches working with team sports and athletics, with weightlifting research in peer-reviewed journals becoming prominent since the 1970s. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on the use of weightlifting-based training to enhance performance in nonweightlifters because of the biomechanical similarities (e.g., rapid forceful extension of the hips, knees, and ankles) associated with the second pull phase of the clean and snatch, the drive/thrust phase of the jerk and athletic tasks such as jumping and sprinting. The highest force, rate of force development, and power outputs have been reported during such movements, highlighting the potential for such tasks to enhance these key physical qualities in athletes. In addition, the ability to manipulate barbell load across the extensive range of weightlifting exercises and their derivatives permits the strength and conditioning coach the opportunity to emphasize the development of strength-speed and speed-strength, as required for the individual athlete. As such, the results of numerous longitudinal studies and subsequent meta-analyses demonstrate the inclusion of weightlifting exercises into strength and conditioning programs results in greater improvements in force-production characteristics and performance in athletic tasks than general resistance training or plyometric training alone. However, it is essential that such exercises are appropriately programmed adopting a sequential approach across training blocks (including exercise variation, loads, and volumes) to ensure the desired adaptations, whereas strength and conditioning coaches emphasize appropriate technique and skill development of athletes performing such exercises. 

National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Weightlifting for Sports Performance

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National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Weightlifting for Sports Performance