Contents
I. Introduction  424
II. The phosphorus conundrum 424
III. Adaptations to low P 424
IV. Uptake of P  424
V. P deficiency alters root development and function 426
VI. P deficiency modifies carbon metabolism 431
VII. Acid phosphatase 436
VIII. Genetic regulation of P responsive genes 437
IX. Improving P acquisition 439
X. Synopsis  440


Summary
Phosphorus (P) is limiting for crop yield on > 30% of the world's arable land and, by some estimates, world resources of inexpensive P may be depleted by 2050. Improvement of P acquisition and use by plants is critical for economic, humanitarian and environmental reasons. Plants have evolved a diverse array of strategies to obtain adequate P under limiting conditions, including modifications to root architecture, carbon metabolism and membrane structure, exudation of low molecular weight organic acids, protons and enzymes, and enhanced expression of the numerous genes involved in low-P adaptation. These adaptations may be less pronounced in mycorrhizal-associated plants. The formation of cluster roots under P-stress by the nonmycorrhizal species white lupin (Lupinus albus), and the accompanying biochemical changes exemplify many of the plant adaptations that enhance P acquisition and use. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of white lupin and other species response to P-deficiency have identified targets that may be useful for plant improvement. Genomic approaches involving identification of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) found under low-P stress may also yield target sites for plant improvement. Interdisciplinary studies uniting plant breeding, biochemistry, soil science, and genetics under the large umbrella of genomics are prerequisite for rapid progress in improving nutrient acquisition and use in plants.

/pdf/phosphorus-acquisition-and-use-critical-adaptations-by-56im8qzi8m.pdf

Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a nonrenewable resource

https://pgeconomics.co.uk/pdf/2012globalimpactstudyfinal.pdf

GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996- 2010

Agroecology is an approach that seeks to integrate ecological science with other academic disciplines and knowledge systems to guide research and action towards the sustainable transformation of our current agrifood system. The Certificate of Graduate Study in Agroecology (CGSA) is a 15-credit program that can be completed within one year. The curriculum encourages students to integrate ecological, social, and economic perspectives in developing practical solutions to contemporary problems within our agrifood system. The fully prescribed coursework consists of an introductory residential/ online hybrid course, three foundational online classes, and a final synthesis seminar course. Students will join yearly cohorts to build community and expand the network among program participants. The certificate is designed so that you can live in your own food shed while learning lessons that you can apply anywhere.

農環境学(Agroecology)について

/pdf/gm-crops-global-socio-economic-and-environmental-impacts-3jjzj8usdn.pdf

GM crops: global socio-economic and environmental impacts 1996- 2007

Livestock, particularly ruminants, can eat a wider range of biomass than humans. In the drive for greater efficiency, intensive systems of livestock production have evolved to compete with humans for high-energy crops such as cereals. Feeds consumed by livestock were analysed in terms of the quantities used and efficiency of conversion of grassland, human-edible ('edible') crops and crop by-products into milk, meat and eggs, using the United Kingdom as an example of a developed livestock industry. Some 42 million tonnes of forage dry matter were consumed from 2008 to 2009 by the UK ruminant livestock population of which 0.7 was grazed pasture and 0.3 million tonnes was conserved forage. In addition, almost 13 million tonnes of raw material concentrate feeds were used in the UK animal feed industry from 2008 to 2009 of which cereal grains comprised 5.3 and soyabean meal 1.9 million tonnes. The proportion of edible feed in typical UK concentrate formulations ranged from 0.36 for milk production to 0.75 for poultry meat production. Example systems of livestock production were used to calculate feed conversion ratios (FCR - feed input per unit of fresh product). FCR for concentrate feeds was lowest for milk at 0.27 and for the meat systems ranged from 2.3 for poultry meat to 8.8 for cereal beef. Differences in FCR between systems of meat production were smaller when efficiency was calculated on an edible input/output basis, where spring-calving/grass finishing upland suckler beef and lowland lamb production were more efficient than pig and poultry meat production. With the exception of milk and upland suckler beef, FCR for edible feed protein into edible animal protein were >1.0. Edible protein/animal protein FCR of 1.0 may be possible by replacing cereal grain and soyabean meal with cereal by-products in concentrate formulations. It is concluded that by accounting for the proportions of human-edible and inedible feeds used in typical livestock production systems, a more realistic estimate of efficiency can be made for comparisons between systems.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3493931B226C13A4FADA178B78B8F04E/S175173111100005Xa.pdf/div-class-title-re-defining-efficiency-of-feed-use-by-livestock-div.pdf

Re-defining efficiency of feed use by livestock

In December 1970, Dr. Nyle C. Brady, then Chairman of the Agricultural Board, Division of Biology and Agriculture, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, convened a meeting in Washington, D.C. of a Task Force on the Role of Agricultural Scientific Societies. Represented were: Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), American Society of Animal Science (ASAS), American Society of Agronomy (ASA), American Agricultural Economics Association (AAEA), Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), Poultry Science Association (PSA), American Society for Horticultural Science (ASHS), American Dairy Science Association (ADSA), American Society for Range Management (ASRM), and the Rural Sociological Society (RSS). The consensus was to pursue further “the idea of an independent association of the agricultural science societies,” thus a planning committee was appointed.

Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)

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Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)