The growth of clover (Trifolium repens ) and its uptake of N, P and Ni were studied following inoculation of soil with Rhizobium trifolii, and combinations of two Ni-adapted indigenous bacterial isolates (one of them was Brevibacillus brevis) and an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae). Plant growth was measured in a pot experiment containing soil spiked with 30 (Ni I), 90 (Ni II) or 270 (Ni III) mg kg � 1 Ni-sulphate (corresponding to 11.7, 27.6 and 65.8 mg kg � 1 available Ni on a dry soil basis). Single inoculation with the most Ni-tolerant bacterial isolate (Brevibacillus brevis) was particularly effective in increasing shoot and root biomass at the three levels of Ni contamination in comparison with the other indigenous bacterial inoculated or control plants. Single colonisation of G. mosseae enhanced by 3 fold (Ni I), by 2.4 fold (Ni II) and by 2.2 fold (Ni III) T. repens dry weight and P-content of the shoots increased by 9.8 fold (Ni I), by 9.9 fold (Ni II) and by 5.1 fold (Ni III) concomitantly with a reduction in Ni concentration in the shoot compared with non-treated plants. Coinoculation of G. mosseae and the Ni-tolerant bacterial strain (B. brevis) achieved the highest plant dry biomass (shoot and root) and N and P content and the lowest Ni shoot concentration. Dual inoculation with the most Ni-tolerant autochthonous microorganisms (B. brevis and G. mosseae) increased shoot and root plant biomass and subtantially reduced the specific absorption rate (defined as the amount of metal absorbed per unit of root biomass) for nickel in comparison with plants grown in soil inoculated only with G. mosseae. B. brevis increased nodule number that was highly depressed in Ni I added soil or supressed in Ni II and Ni III supplemented soil. These results suggest that selected bacterial inoculation improved the mycorrhizal benefit in nutrients uptake and in decreasing Ni toxicity. Inoculation of adapted beneficial microorganisms (as autochthonous B. brevis and G. mosseae) may be used as a tool to enhance plant performance in soil contaminated with Ni. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nickel-tolerant Brevibacillus brevis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus can reduce metal acquisition and nickel toxicity effects in plant growing in nickel supplemented soil

Legumes and their associated microbes are common and exist in different environments. Microbes have evolved many mechanisms, which enable them to cope with changing environment. Resilience to these changes is essential to their survival and depends on rapid and efficient control of genetic expression and metabolic responses. Legumes establish several mutual, antagonistic, and beneficial interactions with microbes, which are occasionally subject to unfavorable (stressed) environmental conditions. Stressed terrestrial environments include, deserts with arid climate (warm and dry), salt-affected soils, alkaline and acidic soils, soils contaminated with toxic metals, and nutrient deficiency. During the course of development, microbes inherit traits that enable them to survive under undesirable conditions. Legumes, however, are stress-sensitive plants, and only few of them can withstand stressed environments. Legume rhizospheres colonized by a consortium of microbes are influenced by nutrient-rich root exudates. Legumes and microbes exhibit mutual relationships such as, association, symbiosis, and parasitism and live together in one habitat for long periods. The associated microorganisms include plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which are either nitrogen-fixing or not, and many fungi. Symbiotic organisms include mycorrhiza and the root-nodule bacteria (rhizobia). Recent molecular and genetic tools have assisted in discovering new effective stress-tolerant microbes. This chapter broadens the scope of microbes interfering with growth of legumes – a relationship that has been misunderstood to be restricted to rhizobia. Therefore, future investigations have to consider a consortium of microbes in order to improve productivity of legume crops.

Legumes-Microbes Interactions Under Stressed Environments

Mycology and industrial microbiology: Investigations on the vitality, resistance and diversity of metal-adapted and non-adapted Rhizobium strains

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Mycology and industrial microbiology: Investigations on the vitality, resistance and diversity of metal-adapted and non-adapted Rhizobium strains