At present two separate nomenclature systems exist for wheat and rye. This paper provides a proposed common catalogue of wheat, rye and triticale resistance gene symbols. More than 130 postulated wheat resistance genes are listed. Over 39 rye and 6 triticale resistance (R) genes have been identified and named. Genes responsible for reaction to powdery mildew and to leaf, stem and yellow rusts are the best-represented group of resistance genes. From the common catalogue it can be concluded that there exists a potential for further transfer of rye resistance genes to wheat and triticale. Many molecular markers can be applied for marker-assisted gene transfer, but the expression of the R genes in the new genetic background of triticale remains to be investigated.

Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye

When challenged with a complex leaf-rust inoculum, rye plants carrying the dominant leaf-rust resistance gene Pr1 predominantly react with a mixed infection type, IT 2(5). The present study investigates the nature of this mixed infection type. The results demonstrate, that IT 2(5) is not caused by partial dominance of Pr1 nor by the genetic background. Rather, IT 2(5) reflects the occurrence of Pr1-virulent leaf-rust races among the inoculum in low frequency. A simple approach was followed to estimate the frequency of Pr1-virulent races in a leaf-rust population. This approach included comparative detached-leaf testing of Pr1 carriers and Pr1-deficient genotypes and relating the numbers of pustules observed on both genotypes. For the present case we estimated a frequency of 3.19% of Pr1-virulent leaf-rust races among a local leaf-rust population sampled in the field. This estimate was verified in a validation experiment.

Nature of mixed infection type 2(5) observed in rye (Secale cereale L.) plants carrying the Pr1 leaf-rust resistance gene

In Deutschland zahlt Braunrost (Puccinia recondita f.sp. secalis) zu den haufigsten Blattkrankheiten bei Winterroggen (Secale cereale L.). Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Chancen der Erhohung von Wirtskomplexitat und Wirtsdiversitat fur eine langfristige Nutzung rassenspezifischer Resistenzen bei Hybridroggen modellhaft zu untersuchen. Es wurden 30 spaltende Synthetiks mit ein bis vier Resistenzquellen, zusammen mit drei hoch anfalligen Synthetiks, zwei russischen Vollgeschwisterfamilien und einer braunrostresistenten Roggenhybridsorte in dreimaliger Wiederholung an sechs Standorten in drei Jahren unter naturlicher Infektion (17 Umwelten) angebaut. Zudem wurde ein Differentialsortiment bestehend aus 17 Genotypen und die Elternlinien der Synthetiks in einer Wiederholung gepruft. Letztere standen in 11 Umwelten. Die Befallsstarke wurde am ersten Folgeblatt zum Hohepunkt und Ende der Epidemie geschatzt. Durchschnittlich wurden 120 Pflanzen der dreimalig wiederholten Prufglieder und 25 der einmal angebauten Prufglieder bonitiert. Der Infektionsdruck war, gemessen am anfalligen Standard, in allen Umwelten ahnlich hoch. Von 30 Synthetiks waren nur zwei uber alle Umwelten resistent. Die masige Resistenz war auf die geringe Linieneigenleistung zuruckzufuhren. Nur die Vollgeschwisterfamilien waren uber 17 Umwelten resistent. Fur jede geprufte Resistenz konnten Virulenzen in den jeweiligen Braunrostpopulationen nachgewiesen werden, obwohl bisher keine Resistenz kommerziell genutzt wurde. Die meisten der gepruften Synthetiks mit Resistenzquellen waren trotz der unvollstandigen Wirksamkeit der Resistenz deutlich besser als die zugelassene Hybridsorte. Aufgrund der hoch diversen Braunrostpopulation und der unvollstandigen Wirkung der gepruften Resistenzen sollte nach neuen wirkungsvollen rassenspezifischen und unspezifischen Resistenzen gesucht und diese 
kombiniert werden. 
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. secalis) is the most frequently occuring leaf disease in German winter rye (Secale cereale L.). To test the usefulness and potentially prolong the durability of race-specific resistance genes, we increased host complexity and diversity by producing synthetic (Syn) populations segregating for one to four resistance sources as a model system for hybrid varieties. Thirty synthetics were grown together with three highly susceptible synthetics as checks, two Russian full-sib families (FSF), a leaf-rust-resistant-hybrid variety, a set of 17 differential genotypes and ten parental lines at six locations in three years (17 environments) in Germany under natural infection. The parental lines were only sown in 11 environments. Disease severity of about 120 plants for each synthetic, FSF, hybrid and about 25 plants for each differential genotype and parental line was estimated as percentage of infected leaf area on the leaf below the flag leaf at the mid and the end of the natural epidemic. Susceptible synthetics showed that disease severity was similarly high in all environments. Only two out of 30 synthetics and both FSF were resistant across 17 environments. Low resistance of the synthetic was caused by the low resistance of the parental lines. Nonetheless, some of the synthetics were more resistant than the tested commercial hybrid variety. Even though the resistance was not used in practical breeding programs to date we detected virulence for each resistance gene tested. In conclusion, the German leaf rust population seems to be highly diverse and none of the self-fertile resistance sources used provided full protection. New race-specific resistances or highly effective quantitative resistances are therefore needed and should be combined.

/pdf/wirkung-rassenspezifischer-braunrostresistenzen-in-genetisch-8mx56r1j9c.pdf

Wirkung rassenspezifischer Braunrostresistenzen in genetisch diversifizierten Roggenpopulationen

Genetics and Genomics of Stress Tolerance

Genetic analysis of resistance to leaf rust in rye (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) led to the identification of two dominant resistance genes, Pr1 and Pr2. Both genes proved to be effective against a local leaf-rust population as well as a subset of single-pustule isolates (SPIs) the latter of which comprised SPIs with very high virulence complexity. Resistance conferred by Pr1 and Pr2 was expressed in detached-leaf tests of seedlings as well as in field tests of adult plants. Molecular marker analysis allowed us to map Pr1 in the proximal part of rye chromosome 6RL, whereas Pr2 was assigned to the distal part of chromosome 7RL. These results are discussed in view of homoeology relationships among Triticeae. A proposal is submitted for the designation of resistance genes to rye leaf rust which would avoid interference with existing gene-symboling in respect to wheat leaf-rust resistances introgressed from rye into wheat or triticale.

/pdf/leaf-rust-resistance-in-rye-secale-cereale-l-1-genetic-4zmzznecbc.pdf

Leaf-rust resistance in rye (Secale cereale L.). 1. Genetic analysis and mapping of resistance genes Pr1 and Pr2

Leaf rust resistance in rye - evaluation, genetic analysis and molecular mapping.

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Leaf rust resistance in rye - evaluation, genetic analysis and molecular mapping.