Effect of cement treatment on geotechnical properties of some Washington State soils

Stabilization of residual soil using SiO2 nanoparticles and cement

Measuring the plasticity of clays: A review

Enhanced Antibacterial effect of chitosan film using Montmorillonite/CuO nanocomposite

Textural characteristics, surface chemistry and activation of bleaching earth: A review

A white calcium bentonite (CaB) from the Kutahya region, Turkey, contains 35 wt. % opal-CT and 65 wt. % Ca-rich montmorillonite (CaM). Samples were heated at various temperatures between 100–1300°C for 2 h. Thermal gravimetric (TG), derivative thermal gravimetric (DTG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves were determined. Adsorption and desorption of N2 at liquid N2 temperature for each heat-treated sample was determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cation-exchange capacity (CEC) data were obtained. The change in the d (001) value and the deformation of the crystal structure of CaM depend on temperature. Deformation is defined here as changes of the clay by dehydration, dehydroxylation, recrystallization, shrinkage, fracture, etc. The activation energies related to the dehydration and dehydroxylation of CaB calculated from the thermogravimetric data are 33 and 59 kJ mol−1, respectively. The average deformation enthalpies, in the respective temperature intervals between 200–700°C and 700–900°C, were estimated to be 25 and 205 kJ mol−1 using CEC data and an approach developed in this study. The specific surface area (S) and the specific micropore-mesopore volume (V) calculated from the adsorption and desorption data, respectively, show a “zig zag” variation with increasing temperature to 700°C, but decrease rapidly above this temperature. The S and V values were 43 m2 g−1 and 0.107 cm3 g−1, respectively, for untreated bentonite. They reach a maximum at 500°C and are 89 m2 g−1 and 0.149 cm3 g−1, respectively. The XRD data clearly show that, at 500°C, where the irreversible dehydration is completed without any change in the crystal structure, the porosity of CaM reaches its maximum.

The effect of thermal treatment on some of the physicochemical properties of a bentonite

Workability test method for metals applied to examine a workability measure (plastic limit) for clays

In order to investigate the effect of boron containing frits on anorthite formation temperature in kaolin–wollastonite mixture, four different frit compositions containing boron were prepared according to Seger formulas. One of these compositions also contained lead. Four different batches composed of 40 mass% kaolin, 40 mass% wollastonite and 20 mass% frit were prepared. The linear dilatometric (LD) curves of the batches were determined and subsequently the firing schedule (FS) curves were obtained from the LD curves. Cylindrical pellets prepared from each of the batches were fired in an especially designed furnace up to respectively 950, 975, 1000, 1025, 1050 °C. The firing period including the cooling process was adjusted to 210 min. The variation of the bulk densities of the products as a function of temperature were examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the products were also determined and it was observed that the minimum anorthite formation temperature was 1000 °C. Since it was known that with batches not containing any frit, the minimum anorthite formation temperature was 1100 °C, it was understood that leaded or unleaded boron containing frits decreased the anorthite formation temperatures around 100 °C.

The effect of boron containing frits on the anorthite formation temperature in kaolin–wollastonite mixtures

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The effect of thermal treatment on some of the physicochemical properties of a bentonite

Workability test method for metals applied to examine a workability measure (plastic limit) for clays

The effect of boron containing frits on the anorthite formation temperature in kaolin–wollastonite mixtures