Plants have been inoculated with plant growth-promoting microorganisms to enhance crop yield and performance over four decades. The two central aspects for success of inoculation are the effectiveness of the bacterial strain and the application technology. This chapter discusses characteristics of ideal carriers for bacterial inoculants [plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)] and focuses on superior formulations for the future, mainly polymeric and encapsulated formulations and new emerging ideas in the fi eld of inoculation. Future research avenues are highlighted.

Agriculturally Important Microorganisms

The suppressive ability of three plant residue-based composts that could serve as components of soilless media for several vegetable crops was tested on four different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum: melonis, basilici, radicis-lycopersici and radicis-cucumerinum. The composts were prepared under controlled conditions from a mixture of separated cow manure (SCM) with orange peels (OP), wheat straw (WS), or dried tomato plants that had been removed from the greenhouse after the end of the season (TP). Disease development in melon, tomato and cucumber seedlings growing in the three composts was significantly less than that observed in peat. Plant inoculation was achieved by conidia produced in culture, conidia naturally produced on infected stems and soil inoculum produced by enriching the soil with infected tissues. Pathogen colonization of the roots and stems of infected melon plants grown in TP–SCM and OP–SCM composts was significantly lower than that of peat-grown plants. Sterilization by gamma irradiation reduced the suppressive capability of TP–SCM and OP–SCM composts, whereas it did not affect the disease development and final disease incidence in peat. Tested formae speciales exhibited differing decline rates of the conidia incorporated in the composts, compared with the rate in the peat control, which suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in the suppression of the different pathogens. The present study shows that composts based on plant-waste residues suppress diseases caused by different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum.

Plant waste-based composts suppressive to diseases caused by pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum

Growth of a nonpathogenic E. coli strain (K12- MG1655, ATCC 700926) in aerated and nonaerated compost teas containing molasses, kelp and carrot juice was examined. Teas were prepared using four different compost types that had undetectable levels of indigenous E. coli. Three of the composts were produced by turn pile windrow composting method using dairy, swine and horse manure as feedstock, while the fourth, a vermicompost, was produced by feeding separated dairy solids to worms Eisenia feotida. Molasses and kelp enhanced the growth of E. coli in inoculated teas and the E. coli density was positively correlated with nutrient concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 8.0 g/L. Irrespective of the presence of molasses and kelp, E. coli was not detected in noninoculated teas. Even though E. coli is a facultative anaerobe, its growth was significantly higher in nonaerated teas than in aerated teas. Without aeration, dissolved oxygen in teas declined rapidly and fell below 0.1 mg/L within 20 h, whereas continuous aer...

Effects of aeration, molasses, kelp, compost type, and carrot juice on the growth of Escherichia coli in compost teas

This review focuses on the potential for microbial biological control of soil-borne pests and pathogens. The range of crops affected by key soil-borne pests and pathogens, and opportunities for biocontrol using composts, organic soil ­ame­ndments and/or augmentation with selected bioactive microbes are discussed. Selected examples of biological control successes, constraints and likely future developments are also explored.

Utilizing Soil Microbes for Biocontrol

Several composts were prepared under controlled conditions from a mixture of separated cow manure (SCM) mixed with either orange peels (OP), wheat straw (WS), dried tomato plants (TP) or dried pepper plants (PP) that were removed from the greenhouses after the end of the season. The suppression ability of these composts was tested while serving as components of soil-less media for several vegetable crops using four different formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum: melonis, basilici, radicis-lycopersici and radicis-cucumerinum (FOM, FOB, FORL and FORC respectively). TP-SCM, OP-SCM and WS-SCM significantly reduced disease development in melon, tomato and cucumber seedlings compared with the fast development of these diseases in conducive peat moss. Disease reduction ranging 4194% by the composts was evident using various types of inocula: conidia produced in culture, conidia naturally produced on infected stems and soil inoculum produced by enriching the soil with infected tissues. Pathogen colonization of the roots and stems of infected melon plants grown in TP-SCM and OP-SCM composts was significantly lower, compared to melon plants grown in peat. Sterilization of TP-SCM and OPSCM composts by gamma irradiation reduced the suppression ability of the composts, while disease development and final disease incidence in peat were not affected. The populations of the four Fusarium forma speciales declined in 60-100% during 35 days when their conidia were mixed with composts. This could stem from a direct effect on the pathogen. The suppression effect of TP-SCM compost was observed during four consecutive replanting cycles of melon seedlings inoculated with FOM and three growing seasons in a commercial cucumber greenhouse, naturally infested with FORC.

https://www.agri.gov.il/download/files/YogevAnatPhD2009_1.pdf

Suppression mechanism of Fusarium wilt of melon caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis by compost

Three windrows were constructed from a mixture of horse manure and soiled bedding collected from four equestrian centres in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, where stables were bedded with hemlock, spruce, and fir wood shavings. Composting was accomplished by turning the windrows twice a week during the first four weeks and once a week for eight additional weeks. At the end of 12- week composting period, windrows were combined and allowed to cure for three months. The cured compost was tested for the ability to promote cucumber (cv Enigma) seedling growth, supply micronutrients, and suppress mycelial growth of plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis cucumerinum (FORC). The heights and dry weights of cucumber seedlings grown in 20% compost in sawdust were significantly greater than those grown in sawdust alone. When fed with nutrient solutions lacking micronutrients, seedling grown in 20% compost gave significantly greater height, dry weight, and chlorophyll concentrations compared to seedlings ...

Compost Effect on Greenhouse Cucumbers and Suppression of Plant Pathogen Fusarium Oxysporum

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Compost Effect on Greenhouse Cucumbers and Suppression of Plant Pathogen Fusarium Oxysporum