The application of physics to archaeology has flourished in recent years to such an extent as to warrant a distinctive name-archaeometry. The contribution of physics to the study of archaeological materials is reviewed. Particular attention is given to investigations concerned with the manufacture and provenance of those materials that are most actively being examined. Accounts of techniques and case histories are presented. The review concludes by considering the application of physical principles to the conservation of antiquities.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/46/10/001/pdf

Physical studies of archaeological materials

Gold analysis by the gamma absorption technique.

A simple and absolute method of analysis has been developed based on the photoelectric discontinuities of the element to be analysed. When a sample containing this element is crossed by a pair of X- or gamma-rays that brackets closely the K or L discontinuities of the element itself, then the ratio of the two X- or gamma rays transmitted through the sample depends only on the concentration of the element. The method is extremely selective even though not very sensitive, and can be applied to analysis of more than one element at the same time, when incident radiation is employed composed of as many pairs as there are elements to be analysed.

Differential attenuation of X-rays: Analytical applications

Analytical methods and techniques for the determination of gold contents are employed in the exploration and evaluation of gold deposits, grade control in primary and secondary production, the assaying and hallmarking of gold and its alloys in jewellery, and in the study of coins, archaeological finds etc. and in provenance studies.

Gold Analysis: From Fire Assay to Spectroscopy — A Review

GOLD ANALYSIS BY DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION OF γ‐RAYS

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GOLD ANALYSIS BY DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION OF γ‐RAYS