This paper is a comprehensive review of the recent literature studies on the developments and applications of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs). Different designs and techniques for linear and circular polarized DRAs are discussed thoroughly. In addition, array and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) DRAs operating in the K, Ka, and V bands are illustrated. These applications are highly advantageous on many levels, resulting in the improved performance of the DRA in terms of obtaining a higher gain, lower losses, a higher efficiency, and a lower profile. This work reviews the fundamental research trends in antennas to meet the demands of fifth-generation (5G) communications and beyond. The reviewed studies are scholarly sources which contain measurement-based results. This paper concludes by highlighting the limitations of the studies and the implications for future research.

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A Review of Dielectric Resonator Antenna at Mm-Wave Band

Performance Improvement of THz MIMO Antenna with Graphene and Prediction Bandwidth Through Machine Learning Analysis for 6G Application.

Injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) is an essential component of a phase-locked loop (PLL) used in a communication transceiver. Due to the rapid growth of virtual reality and artificial intelligence technologies, high-speed communication has become a crucial factor. As a result, highly efficient ILFDs must be engineered to ensure accurate high-speed communication. An optimized ILFD is anticipated to have a large locking range, a low power consumption, a low phase noise, and a low injection power for better functioning of a high speed PLL. However, there are inevitable trade-offs of frequency, phase noise, division ratio, and power consumption, making it more challenging to design an ILFD with a high division ratio at higher frequencies. Choosing an appropriate topology for different operational frequencies is also a challenging task for RFIC designers. This study exemplified different design architectures available for CMOS ILFDs in different super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF) frequency ranges. The performance parameters of these architectures are analyzed, and a detailed discussion on the device’s performance is presented. This review will serve as a comparative study and reference for the RFIC designer’s future ILFD designs. 

Design trends of LC-tank based CMOS ILFD for SHF and EHF transceiver applications

This article presents a highly sensitive microwave sensor for dielectric sensing. One of the main disadvantages of microwave resonant-based sensors is cross sensitivity originated by time-dependent uncontrolled environmental factors, such as temperature, that affect the material under test (MUT) behavior, leading to undesirable frequency shifts and, hence, lower accuracy. However, this work eliminates the unwanted errors using the differential measurement technique by comparing two transmission resonance frequencies during a unit test setup to measure the permittivity of MUT over time. The proposed structure comprises a spiral resonator with an extended horizontal microstrip line (EH-ML) coupled to a microstrip transmission line (MTL). Creating EH-ML within the structure comprises two primary contributions: enhanced sensitivity resulting from stronger fringing fields generated by increasing the effective area and improved resolution due to higher resonance frequencies caused by a lower total capacitive coupling effect. The proposed sensor is fabricated and tested using MUTs with a permittivity of less than 80 to verify the performance. In this regard, a frequency detection resolution (FDR) of 44 MHz and a sensitivity of 0.85% are achieved at a maximum permittivity of 78.3. The results of theoretical analysis, simulation, and measurement are in relatively good agreement. Consequently, the proposed highly sensitive microwave sensor offers significant advantages, such as low complexity in design and fabrication. It also offers high resolution and precision in a wide range of permittivity, which can be an attractive candidate for dielectric sensing in health, chemical, and agriculture applications. 

Highly Sensitive Differential Microwave Sensor Using Enhanced Spiral Resonators for Precision Permittivity Measurement

Compact linearly polarized 5G Vivaldi non-uniform slot filtering antenna

A novel singly fed Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA) is proposed here for milli meter wave 5G (Fifth Generation) frequency band applications. The DRA has achieved wide dual bandwidth with circular polarization at the defined 5G frequency bands. The resonances of this dual band antenna occur at 22.06 GHz, 24.5 GHz and 29.84 GHz. The percentage bandwidth |S11| < −10 dB of 26.3% is achieved at the first band (19.52–26.36 GHz) and 7.69% at the second band |S11| < −10 dB (28.26–30.26 GHz). Both the achieved bands here are covered under the Band 30 GHz category of 5G frequency spectrum. Compared to the conventional rectangular DRA, a novel trapezoidal shaped DRA is designed here which is fed by a microstrip line with characteristics impedance of 50 Ohm. The defined electrical dimensions of the DRA are 0.25λ 0 × 0.29λ 0 × 0.22λ 0 considering 26 GHz as its resonating frequency. The DRA is placed over a Rogers substrate with dimensions 0.5λ 0 × 0.5λ 0 × 0.1λ 0 and permittivity of 2.2. The DRA is circularly polarized and has a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 5.23%. The DRA has achieved a gain value of 3.28 dB. Milli meter wave communications require wideband antennas with circular polarization features to support high throughput communication channels. This singly fed DRA has achieved wide dual bandwidth with circular polarization and is more suitable for indoor 5G small cell applications. 

A novel wide dual band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna for milli meter wave 5G applications

Virtual antenna array for reduced energy per bit transmission at Sub-5 GHz mobile wireless communication systems

In this paper, we show a new two-dimensional reflective metasurface augmented Luneburg lens antenna to operate at the Ka frequency band for 5G wireless communication systems. It consists of a half-circle 2D Luneburg lens and a 40-element microstrip patch reflective metasurface. The simulation results of the metasurface augmented Luneburg lens antenna illustrate its capability for beam-steering towards chosen directions by changing the distribution of the microstrip patches on the surface of the reflective metasurface which makes it a suitable application for beam-steering that may operate within the 5G communication frequency bands at 28 GHz.

A 2D Reflective Metasurface Augmented Luneburg Lens Antenna for 5G Communications

This paper reviews the effect of graphene on antenna characteristics for wireless communication based on fifth generation (5 G) and sixth generation (6 G). The integration method of graphene material on antenna structure in the microwave, millimetre wave, and terahertz bands affects various characteristics. By analysing all the graphene antennas using two types of integration methods:graphene as the only radiating element and graphene-hybrid, different improvements in antenna characteristics are collected, including impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern, antenna gain, antenna efficiency, tuning capability in resonant frequency as well as radiation pattern, reconfigurable capability, and beam scanning capability. This review found that a graphene antenna that implements hybrid integration in antenna structure at 5 G and 6 G frequency bands shows some of these characteristics, such as good tunable resonant frequency, wide impedance bandwidth, gain improvement, mutual coupling reduction, changing of polarisation, direction of main beam, variation of gain, axial ratio, and efficiency when direct current (DC) biasing or resistance is applied and changed. The graphene antenna that uses graphene as the only radiating patch has a moderately biased effect on microwave frequency with respect to the antenna's performance in the terahertz range because of different behaviour of graphene's conductivity, but it also depends on many factors such as frequency, geometry, and specifications. From this review, it appears that the presence of graphene in the antenna will produce better characteristics. It is an opportunity for antennas for future wireless generation by recommending graphene as the hybrid integration method in the antenna structure. 

A Review: The Influence of Graphene Material Integration in Antenna Characteristics in the Presence of Bias for Fifth and Sixth Generation Wireless Communication Application

Compact 5G Vivaldi Tapered Slot Filtering Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth

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A novel wide dual band circularly polarized dielectric resonator antenna for milli meter wave 5G applications

Virtual antenna array for reduced energy per bit transmission at Sub-5 GHz mobile wireless communication systems

A 2D Reflective Metasurface Augmented Luneburg Lens Antenna for 5G Communications

A Review: The Influence of Graphene Material Integration in Antenna Characteristics in the Presence of Bias for Fifth and Sixth Generation Wireless Communication Application

Compact 5G Vivaldi Tapered Slot Filtering Antenna with Enhanced Bandwidth