Along with the intensification of culture systems to meet the increasing global demands, there was an elevated risk for diseases outbreak and substantial loss for farmers. In view of several drawbacks caused by prophylactic administration of antibiotics, strict regulations have been established to ban or minimize their application in aquaculture. As an alternative to antibiotics, dietary administration of feed additives has received increasing attention during the past three decades. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and medicinal plants were among the most promising feed supplements for control or treatments of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of fish and shellfish. The present review summarizes and discusses the topic of potential application of probiotics as a means of disease control with comprehensive look at the available literature. The possible mode of action of probiotics (Strengthening immune response, competition for binding sites, production of antibacterial substances, and competition for nutrients) in providing protection against diseases is described. Besides, we have classified different pathogens and separately described the effects of probiotics as protective strategy. Furthermore, we have addressed the gaps of existing knowledge as well as the topics that merit further investigations. Overall, the present review paper revealed potential of different probiont to be used as protective agent against various pathogens.

/pdf/probiotics-as-means-of-diseases-control-in-aquaculture-a-4l72ns3bh5.pdf

Probiotics as Means of Diseases Control in Aquaculture, a Review of Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a major cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Despite recent advances in the genetics and molecular biology of C. neoformans, and improved techniques for molecular epidemiology, aspects of the ecology, population structure, and mode of reproduction of this environmental pathogen remain to be established. Application of recent insights into the life cycle of C. neoformans and its different ways of engaging in sexual reproduction under laboratory conditions has just begun to affect research on the ecology and epidemiology of this human pathogenic fungus. The melding of these disparate disciplines should yield rich dividends in our understanding of the evolution of microbial pathogens, providing insights relevant to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

The Biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans Species Complex

Monitoring of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) and identification of human pathogenic VTEC types 1 Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards

Aquatic animal species and organism relationship bacteriological culture techniques interpretation of biochemical identification tests and sets biochemical identification tables technical methods techniques for molecular identification of bacteria preparation of media for culture and identification. (Part contents.)

Bacteria from fish and other aquatic animals : a practical identification manual

Contagious agalactia of small ruminants: current knowledge concerning epidemiology, diagnosis and control [Mycoplasma agalactiae, Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony, Mycoplasma putrefaciens]

In the last 25 years, the cases of human and animal cryptococcosis have increased significantly. This is mostly due to the improvement in the survival of immunocompromised patients. The disease is frequently related to the exposure of this type of patients to avian droppings. Among birds, pigeon, Columba livia, is undoubtedly the most important reservoir for the Cryptococcus species. Nevertheless, the study of a large number of bird's species demonstrated that pigeons are not the only Cryptococcus spp. carriers. The suspicion of the birds being the source for the infection is now becoming a demonstrable fact thanks to the use of molecular typing methods. These methods allow the comparison between strains from birds to patients living around them, with high level of discrimination.

/pdf/la-paloma-y-otras-aves-como-reservorio-de-cryptococcus-spp-3hy30v8u0p.pdf

La paloma y otras aves como reservorio de Cryptococcus spp.

Summary
Upper digestive tract of the pigeon (Columba livia) is well known as a reservoir for different species of Cryptococcus, but lower portions are not so frequently studied. In the present study, we tested on selective media a total of 331 pigeon cloacal swabs; Cryptococcus spp. were recovered from 26 (7.85%). Cryptococcus uniguttulatus was isolated from 11 samples (3.32%), C. laurentii from six (1.81%), C. neoformans var. neoformans from six (1.81%) and C. albidus from three of them (0.91%). The results show the importance of pigeon in the cryptococcosis epidemiology as reservoir and carrier for C. neoformans var. neoformans, but also for other Cryptococcus species of increasing clinical interest.

Isolation of Cryptococcus species including C. neoformans from cloaca of pigeons.

In the present work Hafnia alvei was isolated from laying hens displaying a reduction in egg production, loss of appetite, opisthotonus, and death. Multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis were the most prominent lesions. The organism was identified microbiologically. Laying hens were experimentally inoculated by the oral and intraperitoneal route to show the pathogenicity of the organism. A very similar clinicopathologic effect resulted from this trial. Several experimentally infected laying hens died due to septicemia. We conclude that H. alvei may cause a septicemia similar to that reportedly caused by Salmonella spp. in avian species.

/pdf/septicemia-associated-with-hafnia-alvei-in-laying-hens-h17pqpvlj9.pdf

Septicemia associated with Hafnia alvei in laying hens

Columba livia is an important reservoir and carrier of Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus. Upper digestive tract of this species is also known as a habitat for Cryptococcus neoformans. Given the increasing clinical interest of this microorganism, 331 swabs from crop and 174 dropping samples from pigeon lofts in Grand Canary Island have been studied. The obtained results show an extensive presence samples 81 positive (24.47%) of Cryptococcus spp. in analysed crops: 32 (9.66%) for C. neoformans, 24 (7.2%) for C. uniguttulatus, 23 (6.9%) for C. albidus and 2 (0.6%) for C. laurentii. In the same way, Cryptococcus spp was also isolated in 82 (47.13%), dropping samples: C. neoformans in 59 (33.9%), C. uniguttulatus, in 9 (5.17%), C. laurentii in 8 (4.59%) and C. albidus in 6 (3.44%) of the investigated samples, respectively. The cryptococcosis produced by species of cryptococci other than C. neoformans has become more important during the last decade, supporting the study on the role of pigeon in the epidemiology of this disease.

Presence of C. albidus, C. laurentii and C. uniguttulatus in Crop and Droppings of Pigeon Lofts (Columba livia)

MYCOBACTERIOSIS is the oldest known infectious disease of amphibians and reptiles, with a history dating back to the latter part of the 19th century (Brownstein 1984). Although mycobacterial infections are common in fish, amphibians and snakes, reported cases of mycobacteriosis in turtles are rare (Rhodin and Anver 1977). Several reports based on experimental evidence have proposed herpetofauna, particularly chelonians, as reservoirs for mycobacteria of public health significance (Rojas-Espinosa and others 1985). Mycobacterium kansasii, a member of the atypical group of mycobacteria, has been reported as occurring sporadically in several species (Wolinsky 1984). In human beings it can produce chronic pulmonary disease resembling tuberculosis, chronic cutaneous inflammation and osteoarthritis (Wolinsky 1984). M kansasii has also been described producing lesions resembling those of bovine tuberculosis in deer (Pattyn and others 1967), camels (Elmossalami and others 1971), llamas (Johnson and others 1993), cattle (Bastawrows and others 1995) and a goat (Acosta and others 1998). To the authors' knowledge, there are no confirmed reports of M kansasii infection in chelonians in the literature. This short communication reports the anatomopathological and microbiological findings in a case of fatal pulmonary and cutaneous M kansasii infection in a captive Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). A 1-09 kg four-year-old male Chinese soft shell turtle, with a 189 mm straight carapace length, belonging to a private reptilian collection in the south of Gran Canaria, was submitted for postmortem examination to the Unit of Histology and Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. The turtle had been bought from a pet store in Madrid 15 months previously, and housed alone in a 400 litre aquarium without a filter system but with the water circulation being renewed every 21 days. The water temperature was constantly maintained at 20°C. The turtle's diet consisted of raw beef and chicken, with supplements of fresh earthworms. It was treated annually with a single oral dose of 90 mg/kg fenbendazole which was repeated two weeks later. One year after its acquisition, several small (2 to 4 mm), white foci appeared on its carapace. The water was then treated with 20 per cent ammonia (0.5 ml/litre water) and the superficial lesions began to disappear. However, three months later the turtle refused food, showed respiratory distress and died. At postmortem examination, two 4 mm white, papular lesions were observed on the skin of the neck and on the carapace. Multiple discrete white nodules, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, were present in the pulmonary parenchyma (Fig 1), and

Mycobacterium kansasii infection in a Chinese soft shell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis).

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