The W-band Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program Cloud Radar (WACR) systems are zenith pointing Doppler radars that probe the extent and composition of clouds at 95.04 GHz. The main purpose of this radar is to determine cloud boundaries (e.g., cloud bottoms and tops). This radar reports estimates for the first three spectra moments for each range gate up to 15 km. The 0th moment is reflectivity, the 1st moment is radial velocity, and the 2nd moment is spectral width. Also available are the raw spectra files. Unlike the millimeter wavelength cloud radar (MMCR), the WACR does not use pulse coding and operates in only copolarization and cross-polarization modes.

/pdf/w-band-arm-cloud-radar-wacr-handbook-4ksi4qsf8t.pdf

W-band ARM Cloud Radar (WACR) Handbook

The millimeter cloud radar (MMCR) systems probe the extent and composition of clouds at millimeter wavelengths. The MMCR is a zenith-pointing radar that operates at a frequency of 35 GHz. The main purpose of this radar is to determine cloud boundaries (e.g., cloud bottoms and tops). This radar will also report radar reflectivity (dBZ) of the atmosphere up to 20 km. The radar possesses a doppler capability that will allow the measurement of cloud constituent vertical velocities.

/pdf/millimeter-wave-cloud-radar-mmcr-handbook-4z5634ce6z.pdf

Millimeter Wave Cloud Radar (MMCR) Handbook

Cloud Radar The difficulty and expense of carrying out in situ atmospheric measurements, especially for such temporally and spatially variable objects as clouds, has made ground-based remote sensing highly desirable. Active sensing by lidar has been employed for a number of years and has resulted in a substantial increase in our understanding of cloud structure and properties. Lidar, however, has its limitations. One of the most obvious is its attenuation in thicker clouds, which limits its ability to map clouds to those which are optically thin.

Remote Sensing Of Cloud Properties Using A 94 Ghz Radar

The paper describes a surface-based system, called the Cloud Observing System (COS), that was developed for measurements of the dynamical and thermodynamical properties of clouds and of their interaction with the large-scale environment, by combining several remote sensors and in situ systems. The atmospheric parameters that will be measured by COS include precipitation, the velocity and direction of wind, the cloud liquid water, the low-level winds and turbulence structure, integrated liquid and vapor quantities, the temperature and water profiles, the cloud radiance and the cloud base temperature, irradiances at the surface, the low-level temperature profile, the cloud-base height, and the cloud fraction; video cameras will provide visual records of clouds.

A surface-based cloud observing system

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A surface-based cloud observing system