The State in a Changing World

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa (7th most populous in the world) and it is strategic to the realization of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. However, SDG No. 7 (affordable and clean energy) and other goals connected to the reduction of climate change are crucial for the attainment of sustainable development in Nigeria. This comprehensive review encompasses the discussions of the clean energy potential, obstacles to and stimulants of clean energy implementations, and renewable energy policies in Nigeria. Solar and biomass resources have been presented in this article because of their huge availability in Nigeria. Nigeria has the potential to produce an estimated 47.97 million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE) annually from biomass resources. Likewise, 17, 459 billion MJ/day of solar energy is incident on the total surface of Nigeria. The biomass resources which can be tapped for renewable energy production in Nigeria include Jatropha with high oil contents, sweet sorghum and molasses; food crops such as cassava, rice, coconut, cashew, millet, rice, oil palm, maize, and yam; agricultural residues and wastes from food crops such as cassava peels, cassava liquid sludge, mango peel, mango seed kernel, rice husks (RH), corn residues, oil palm derivatives, sugar cane straw, and bagasse; forest resources; municipal solid wastes; and animal wastes. These resources can be exploited for the production of biogas, bioethanol, biodiesel, briquettes and organic fertilizers through anaerobic digestion, transesterification, gasification, pyrolysis, and briquetting. There are also huge potentials for the deployment of solar photovoltaic (PV) and thermal systems in off-grid, grid-connected, and hybrid installations. It can be concluded that the techno-economic feasibility and environmental significance of solar power and bioenergy for Nigeria’s sustainable development is site-specific and subject to factors such as incentives and financing, research and development, public enlightenment, government’s policies, and private investments.

A comprehensive review on biomass and solar energy for sustainable energy generation in Nigeria

A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Nigeria.

Anaerobic digestion of organic wastes results in the production of biogas and a nutrient-rich digestate The biogas that is produced through this process consists of methane, carbon dioxide and minute amounts of other gases Methane, which forms the bulk of the biogas, is combustible Biogas can be used for the provision of heat and light and can even be converted to electricity This is of particular significance in Africa where a dire energy crisis currently prevails Biogas technology is still in its infancy in Africa, although recent initiatives have resulted in the accelerated uptake and understanding of the technology in various African countries National biogas programmes have been implemented in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, Cameroon, Burkina Faso and Benin These countries have benefited significantly from the technology and serve as showpieces for African countries that have the ability to start up similar programmes without outside assistance Unlike other forms of renewable energy, biogas technology offers numerous advantages, one main advantage being waste management which is a significant problem in Africa The major hurdles to the implementation of biogas technology in Africa are the cost implications, lack of communication, lack of ownership and the negative image of the technology caused by past failures The provision of loans, government assistance, community workshops, wide-scale communication and the implementation of prefabricated digesters could have a significant impact on the increased uptake of the technology in Africa The adoption of biogas technology in Africa would contribute to the well-being and economic prosperity of the continent as a whole

Current status, hurdles and future prospects of biogas digestion technology in Africa

Bioenergy production from agricultural crop biomass or residues is gaining interest due to the escalating cost of fossil fuels and the need to mitigate global warming caused by increasing GHG emissions. Of all the different feed stocks used for bioenergy production in Africa, cassava biomass potentially offers multiple benefits for producing biofuels such as biogas. This critical review on cassava intends to highlight the bioenergy (biogas) potential of the crop in Africa. Initially, the basic agricultural properties of cassava will be reviewed. Cassava contains large amounts of fermentable sugars. Its starch content ranges from 20 to 35% based on fresh and at about 80.6% based on dry weight with 38.6% total dry matter. It has the highest yield of carbohydrates per hectare with the exception of sugarcane and sugar beet. It thrives well in all ecological zones with one of the best water-footprints especially on relatively low fertility soils, in drought conditions and requires low agrochemical input. High yielding and disease resistant cassava varieties have been developed for both food and non-food applications with China adopting the crop to meet its 2020 biofuel target. Based on the available literature, various pretreatment techniques including mechanical, chemical, thermal, ultrasonic and wet explosion strategies were considered. The advantages and disadvantages of each technology as well as adoptable technologies for cassava biogas production and its optimization in Africa and especially South Africa will be critically discussed. This review highlights the highly politicized food vs energy debate as the most relevant bottleneck for using “potential” food (like cassava and other energy crops) for energy production. It suggests a paradigm shift and a more holistic and complementary view of food and biomass energy production. In conclusion, it recommend considering cassava and its biomass as the next energy crop for biogas production in Africa and especially South Africa.

http://digitalknowledge.cput.ac.za/bitstream/11189/4454/3/Okudoh_Vincent_Trois_Cristina_Workneh_Tilahun_Schmidt_Stefan_AppSci_2014.pdf

The potential of cassava biomass and applicable technologies for sustainable biogas production in South Africa: A review

Biogas productivity of cassava peels, mixed with poultry, piggery and cattle waste types in ratios 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 by mass, was investigated using 12 Nos. 220l batch type anaerobic digesters in a 3 x 4 factorial experiment using a retention period of 30 days and within the mesophilic temperature range. Biogas yield was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) influenced by the different mixing ratios of livestock waste with cassava peels. The cumulative average biogas yield from digested cassava peels was 0.6 l/kg-TS. The average cumulative biogas yield increased to 13.7, 12.3, 10.4 and 9.0 l/kg-TS respectively for 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 mixing ratios when cassava peel was mixed with poultry waste. On mixing with piggery waste, the average cumulative biogas yield increased to 35.0, 26.5, 17.1 and 9.3 l/kg-TS respectively for 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 mixing ratios.  In the case of mixing with cattle waste, the average cumulative biogas yield increased to 21.3, 19.5, 15.8 and 11.2 l/kg-TS respectively for 1:1, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 mixing ratios. Results show that for all livestock waste types, mixing with peels in the ratio 1:1 by mass produced the highest biogas volumes, and highest in piggery waste.

	 

	Key words: Anaerobic digestion, biogas, cassava peels, cattle waste, poultry waste, piggery waste.

/pdf/comparison-of-biogas-productivity-of-cassava-peels-mixed-in-5dld45gjsn.pdf

Comparison of biogas productivity of cassava peels mixed in selected ratios with major livestock waste types

Several African communities obtain their domestic water supplies from dug wells and this study takes Ibogun, Pakoto and Ifo communities in Ogun State, Nigeria as being typical. The objective is to assess the quality of the water supply from these dug wells, ascertain the contamination problems that may confront the consumers, and provide appropriate remedies. Twenty  dug wells were randomly selected in each community. Water samples from the selected dug wells were collected during July - August 2009. The samples were checked for odour, colour and taste; and through standard methods, they were analyzed for pH, total solids, total hardness, chlorides, sulphate, nitrates, magnesium, calcium, manganese, sodium, copper, zinc, iron and lead; total viable count, total coliform count, faecal coliform count and faecal streptococci count. Most of the pH values of the samples were outside the recommended range of 6.5 – 8.5 for drinking water. Predominantly, the ionic dominance pattern observed were Na > Ca > Mg and HCO3 > Cl > SO4, indicating typical cationic characteristics and anionic characteristics of groundwater. For total solids and total hardness, guideline values were largely met. Levels of iron did not exceed the WHO guideline value of 0.2 mg/l for Fe in drinking water. Mean levels of Mn measured were far in excess of the average of 0.01 mg/l for fresh water, while in relation to the WHO guideline value of 0.4 mg/l for Mn in drinking water, the levels measured were low. Generally, the levels of nitrates, sulphate, chlorides, magnesium, manganese and iron were moderately high, but the WHO guidelines were not exceeded. The WHO guidelines for microbiological quality of water were met in several cases. Matching of non-technical and techno-social remedial measures is recommended. These include sensitization of the populace on merits of qualitative domestic hygiene and environmental protection practices such as cleaner compounds and strict enforcement of environmental protection laws.

	 

	Key words: Dug wells, water, physico-chemical analyses, microbial analyses.

Water quality of domestic wells in typical African communities: Case studies from Nigeria

A comparative study of the effects of undigested and anaerobically digested poultry manure and conventional inorganic fertilizer on the growth characteristics and yield of maize was investigated at Ibadan, Nigeria. The pot experiment consisted of sixty (60) nursery bags, set out in the greenhouse. The treatments, thoroughly mixed with soil, were: control (untreated soil), inorganic fertilizer, (NPK 20:10:10) applied at the 120 kgN/ha; air-dried undigested and anaerobically digested manure applied at 12.5 g/pot, or 25.0 g/pot or 37.5 g/pot, and or 50.0 g/pot. Plant height, stem girth, leaf area, number of
leaves at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting (WAP) and stover mass and grain yield were measured.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P  0.05 was used to further determine the relationships among the
factors investigated. Generally, results in respect of crops treated with digested manure, were quite comparable with those treated with undigested manure and inorganic fertilizer, right from 2WAP to 6WAP. Stover yield was increased to as much as 1.58, 1.65 and 2.07 times by inorganic fertilizer, digested and undigested manure, respectively while grain yields were increased by only 200% with inorganic fertilizer, but by up to 812 and 933% by digested and undigested manure, respectively. In
conclusion, digested poultry manure enhanced the growth characteristics of the treated plants for the maize variety used. As observed, the order of grain yield was undigested manure > digested manure > inorganic fertilizer.

/pdf/comparative-effects-of-undigested-and-anaerobically-digested-1f5wbf22s6.pdf

Comparative effects of undigested and anaerobically digested poultry manure on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays, L)

Aims: To evaluate the potential of cocoyam (Colocasia and Xanthosoma species) for the production of ethanol and methane for use as energy sources. Study design: Laboratory experimentation. Place and duration of study: Federal College of Agriculture Ibadan and Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria between December 2010 and June 2011. Methodology: Five, 15, 25 and 35 kg samples of peeled cocoyam corms were weighed in three replicates. Next, the weighed cocoyam was soaked in clean water for 24 hr, and afterwards placed on a clean tray and allowed to air dry naturally for 4 hr. The cocoyam corms were then cut and the pieces transferred to a mortar where they were mashed to attain sufficient size reduction. The mash was then transferred into a plastic bucket. Five hundred, 650, 800 and 950 ml of N-hexane (C6H14) was added to the 5, 15, 25 and 35kg samples. The mash was thoroughly stirred to achieve an even mixture with the hexane. It was then covered and left undisturbed in the laboratory at room temperature for 8 days. The fermented mash was poured onto a 0.6 mm aperture size sieve and completely squeezed to dryness while the liquid filtered through the sieve. N-hexane was removed from the filtered liquid. The collected liquid was poured into a glass dish and then gradually heated at 79°C for a total of 10 hr (at intervals of 2 hr heating followed by 1 hr cooling) to ensure complete evaporation of any trapped H2O or CO2 remaining in it. Afterwards the final liquid (ethanol) was allowed to cool normally in the lab and its mass, volume and other properties were measured. Results: It was found that ethanol was yielded at the rate of 139 L/tonne of cocoyam. Therefore, 10 million tonnes annual global production of cocoyam is potentially able to Research Article British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, 2(1): 1-15, 2012 2 produce 331 million gallons of ethanol (i.e. 200 million gallons gasoline equivalent) or 39.5 million cubic metres of methane which on burning would produce 179.3 x 10 MJ of energy. The mash obtained as byproduct of the processes is capable of supplying 59 calories of food energy per 100g. Conclusion: Cocoyam has very good potential as a source of ethanol and methane. Its use as a renewable source of energy for the production of biofuels is recommended and doing so poses no threat to the environment or food supply. The mash produced is an excellent feedstock for livestock. The scientific innovation and relevance of this study lies in the fact that cocoyam is a renewable produce and the fermentation and anaerobic digestion methods used are applicable across countries and regions irrespective of available degree of industrialization and climate.

An evaluation of the global potential of cocoyam (Colocasia and Xanthosoma species) as an energy crop.

Oworonshoki area of Lagos and water samples were collected during July to August 2010. The samples were checked for odour, colour and taste and these largely satisfied consumer preferences. Physicochemical analyses were conducted to determine the concentrations of pH, total solids, total hardness, Cl, SO4, NO3, Mg, Ca, Mn, Na, Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb, while microbiological analyses were done to assess the levels of total viable count, total coliform count, faecal coliform count and faecal streptococci count. Most of the samples met WHO guideline values for these parameters, although the pH values were outside the recommended range. Maggots and entero bacteria were found in several well and lagoon samples thus confirming certain health risks associated with these samples. This study recommends that various states in Nigeria create agencies which can be effective in monitoring private water wells from a public health stand point and compel adherence to regulations on the part of the owners.

Quality of water from dug wells and the lagoon in Lagos Nigeria and associated health risks

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