Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives

Fish is extremely perishable as a result of rapid microbial growth naturally present in fish or from contamination. Synthetic preservatives are widely used in fish storage to extend shelf life and maintain quality and safety. However, consumer preferences for natural preservatives and concerns about the safety of synthetic preservatives have prompted the food industry to search natural preservatives. Natural preservatives from microorganisms, plants, and animals have been shown potential in replacing the chemical antimicrobials. Bacteriocins and organic acids from bacteria showed good antimicrobial activities against spoilage bacteria. Plant-derived antimicrobials could prolong fish shelf life and decrease lipid oxidation. Animal-derived antimicrobials also have good antimicrobial activities; however, their allergen risk should be paid attention. Moreover, some algae and mushroom species can also provide a potential source of new natural preservatives. Obviously, the natural preservatives could perform better in fish storage by combining with other hurdles such as non-thermal sterilization processing, modified atmosphere packaging, edible films and coatings.

Review on Natural Preservatives for Extending Fish Shelf Life.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance represents a serious threat to human health across the globe. The cost of bringing a new antibiotic from discovery to market is high and return on investment is low. Furthermore, the development of new antibiotics has slowed dramatically since the 1950s' golden age of discovery. Plants produce a variety of bioactive secondary metabolites that could be used to fuel the future discovery pipeline. While many studies have focused on specific aspects of plants and plant natural products with antibacterial properties, a comprehensive review of the antibacterial potential of plants has never before been attempted. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate reports on plants with significant antibacterial activities. Methods: Following the PRISMA model, we searched three electronic databases: Web of Science, PubMed and SciFinder by using specific keywords: "plant," "antibacterial," "inhibitory concentration." Results: We identified a total of 6,083 articles published between 1946 and 2019 and then reviewed 66% of these (4,024) focusing on articles published between 2012 and 2019. A rigorous selection process was implemented using clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, yielding data on 958 plant species derived from 483 scientific articles. Antibacterial activity is found in 51 of 79 vascular plant orders throughout the phylogenetic tree. Most are reported within eudicots, with the bulk of species being asterids. Antibacterial activity is not prominent in monocotyledons. Phylogenetic distribution strongly supports the concept of chemical evolution across plant clades, especially in more derived eudicot families. The Lamiaceae, Fabaceae and Asteraceae were the most represented plant families, while Cinnamomum verum, Rosmarinus vulgaris and Thymus vulgaris were the most studied species. South Africa was the most represented site of plant collection. Crude extraction in methanol was the most represented type of extraction and leaves were the main plant tissue investigated. Finally, Staphylococcus aureus was the most targeted pathogenic bacteria in these studies. We closely examine 70 prominent medicinal plant species from the 15 families most studied in the literature. Conclusion: This review depicts the current state of knowledge regarding antibacterials from plants and provides powerful recommendations for future research directions.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-plants-with-antibacterial-activities-1mb1mv5a0z.pdf

A Systematic Review of Plants With Antibacterial Activities: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Perspective.

The thymol is an herbal food additive used to improve performance indices, feed utilization, immune system, and preventing from infectious diseases. Feeding animal, fish and poultry with diets supplemented with medicinal plants containing effective compounds and natural antioxidants in thymol demonstrated valuable potential of thymol to enhance the productive and reproductive performances, nutrient bioavailability, immunity and general health of livestock as well as lowering the problems of different animal diseases, side effects of chemical drugs, syntactic materials and cancer. These properties may be attributed to thymol’s capability to work as antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, anticancer and anti-inflammatory agent by suppressing harmful compounds/free radicals from interacting with cellular biological compounds, ability to alter the gut microbiota, and increasing digestion, absorption and metabolism of nutrients. This review illustrates the multiple beneficial appli...

Beneficial impacts of thymol essential oil on health and production of animals, fish and poultry: a review

Use of Medicinal Plants in Aquaculture

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors affecting antimicrobial effectiveness of essential oils Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus iniae ; the cause of zoonotic streptococcosis in fish. Food conservation is based on an intermittent search for foods with a high nutritional quality and microbial stability and it has been reached by the control of the growth / survival of spoiling and pathogen foodborne microorganisms. Based on several reports, fish streptococcosis is currently considered as one of the main limiting factors in the aquaculture industry, due to the significant economic losses (annually more than $150 million) that these infections cause in different cultured fresh and seawater fish species worldwide. The sensitivity of S. iniae to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays and paper disc diffusion method. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oils and extracts were 3.9–250 and 7.8- 500 µg/ml and the ranges of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for the oils and extracts were found to be in the range of 7.8250 and 15.6-500 µg/ml, respectively. The essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against S. iniae. The essential oil of rosemary showed the strongest antimicrobial activity.

Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish

5 Abstract: The objective of the study was to characterize the chemical constituents and antibacterial properties of Rosmarinus officinalis(rosemary), Zataria multiflora (oregano), Anethum graveolens (Dill) and Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus) essential oils (EO) and extracts against Lactococcus garvieae. Lactococcosis is one of the infectious diseases with significant economic and sanitary repercussions for trout farms in Iran during the summer months. Four EOs were initially screened against Lactococus garvieae using agar disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The highest efficacy against the tested strain was shown when testing the Orogano EO. The chemical components of selected EOs were also analyzed by GC/MS. The most important constituents of the Rosemary, Oregano, Dilland Eucalyptus were 1,8-cineole (78.6 %), carvacrol (71.1 %), D-carvacrol (36.09 %) and 1,8-eucalypol (72.71 %), respectively. Of the 4 plants tested, Z.multiflora essential oil was the most active showing a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of 7.8 µg/mL and a Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 15.6 µg/mL. The diameters of the zone of inhibition adjacent to essential oils were estimated 24, 32, 18.5 and 16 mm, respectively. The extracts of different plant resulted in variable zone of inhibition (28-14.8 mm) for L.garvieae. The research results showed that the essential oil from of Z.multiflora has a great potential for application as a natural antimicrobial agent to preserve food.

/pdf/chemical-composition-and-antibacterial-activity-of-essential-4crf1ddprq.pdf

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus

The effects of concentrations of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil (EO) and nisin (N) as well as temperature and storage time on growth of Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae in Oncorhynchus mykiss were evaluated. According to analysis of the rosemary EO, the 1, 8-cineol and α-pinene were the predominant components. The growth of S. iniae was significantly decrease by EO concentrations at 4 oC. For L. garvieae, the viable count was significantly inhibited by EO and N singly and in combinations, incubated at bath storage of 0.25 and 0.5 µg/mL proved insufficient to act against S. iniae and L. garvieae. The combinations of the rosemary EO at 0.0015% with N at 0.5 µg/mL showed stronger antimicrobial effect against two bacterial than the rosemary EO at 0% but lower than the combination with N at 0.5 µg/mL and EO at 0.045% which in turn was lower than of the rosemary EO at 0.135%. In its turn, rosemary EO showed lower antimicrobial activity than its combinations with N, which showed a bacte...

Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil and Nisin on Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae in a Food Model System

Summary Seawater flooding is a common strategy of improved oil recovery, during which seawater, containing sulfate (SO42-), is injected into oil reservoirs to maintain reservoir pressure and sweep out oil. The presence of sulfate in an oil reservoir may trigger two harmful mechanisms, namely microbial reservoir souring and sulfate scales deposition. Microbial reservoir souring is a process in which sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) consume sulfate and produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Scale formation, occurs if, for instance, seawater, containing sulfate, mix with a Ba2+-rich formation brine to form barite (BaSO4) scale. Due to the possible competition of these processes on consuming sulfate ions, an inclusive simulation of these processes is desired. This study utilizes a model that is capable of simulating reservoir souring and mitigation strategies along with scale formation inside the reservoir. The model simulates multi-phase flow using a commercial reservoir simulator, the chemical species transport, and the chemical reactions. It is shown that higher reservoir souring reduces the total barite formed in the reservoir. Conversely, barite formation has minimal effect on reservoir souring unless the injected sulfate concentration is low. Furthermore, if more barite is formed deep in the reservoir, less barite is formed around the production well. 

The Interplay between Microbial Reservoir Souring and Barite Precipitation During Waterflooding Oil and Gas Reservoirs

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Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils and Extracts from Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus

Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil and Nisin on Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae in a Food Model System

The Interplay between Microbial Reservoir Souring and Barite Precipitation During Waterflooding Oil and Gas Reservoirs