In a blockchain network, full nodes aid in decentralization by validating incoming transactions and also by assisting new nodes who want to join the network. However, due to the high storage cost incurred by full nodes, the total number of full nodes in a system is falling. In order to curb this problem and maintain decentralization, we present Secure Raptor Encoder and Decoder (S-RED) built on Raptor Codes, which in addition to reducing storage costs, also has constant decoding time with respect to k (number of input blocks). We also present error-resilient double-peeling decoder that can recover original blocks with a high probability, even under the presence of adversaries. Blockchain popularity and application is not a new thing but blockchain is bounded by its physical capacity and is unable to accommodate the incoming traffic leading to high transaction confirmation latency. Hence a new data structure based on the direct acyclic graph is proposed popularly called blockdag which doesn’t limit blockchain physical capacity. Prism is a ledger based on blockdag technology, however, in Prism full nodes have to pay a high cost in terms of storage space due to the requirement of more blocks as compared to conventional blockchain. In order to reduce such high storage costs, we present Secure Luby Transform Raptor Encoder and Decoder (S-LTRED) built on LT and Raptor Codes. We present tri-peel decoder that can recover original blocks with a high probability, even under the presence of adversaries. S-LTRED shows to achieve a much lower bootstrap cost as compared to Prism and achieves this by reducing the storage consumption.

Storage Cost Reduction in Blockchain and Prism via Secure Codes

Music, an integral part of our lives, which is not only a source of entertainment but plays an important role in mental well-being by impacting moods, emotions and other affective states. In this age of Big Data, online music streaming services allow us to capture ecologically valid music listening behavior and provide a rich source of information to identify several user-specific aspects. Music preferences and listening strategies have been shown to be associated with the psychological well-being of listeners including internalized symptomatology and depression. However, till date no studies exist that examine music-related social tags, static & time-varying audio-derived features, in terms of acoustic and emotional content, and its association with users well-being. The current work aims at unearthing static and dynamic patterns and trends in the individuals at risk for depression as it manifests in naturally occurring online music consumption. Mental well-being scores and listening histories of 541 Last.fm users were examined. Social tags associated with each listener’s most popular tracks were analyzed to unearth the mood/emotions and genres associated with the users. Results revealed that social tags prevalent in the users at risk for depression were predominantly related to emotions depicting Sadness associated with genre tags representing neo-psychedelic-, avant garde-, dream-pop. Static and dynamic acoustic and emotion-related features were extracted from each user’s listening history and correlated with their mental well-being scores. Results revealed that individuals with greater depression risk resort to higher dependency on music with greater repetitiveness in their listening activity. Furthermore, the affinity of depressed individuals towards music that can be perceived as sad was found to be resistant to change over time. This study has large implications for future work in the area of assessing mental illness risk by exploiting digital footprints of users via online music streaming platforms. This study will open up avenues for an MIR-based approach to characterizing and predicting risk for depression which can be helpful in early detection and additionally provide bases for designing music recommendations accordingly.

Online Music Consumption Characterizing Depression Risk

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Storage Cost Reduction in Blockchain and Prism via Secure Codes

Online Music Consumption Characterizing Depression Risk